吸气式发动机燃料研究进展及展望
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摘要
针对航天吸气式发动机的发展趋势,分析了其对燃料能量密度、热沉、点火及燃烧等关键性能的要求。总结评述了国内外燃料性能改善的多种技术途径,如通过合成新型液体燃料和添加含能粒子提高燃料能量,借助添加剂和催化反应提高燃料热沉,通过设计合成高反应性燃料分子和借助高活性添加剂缩短点火延迟和提高燃烧效率的技术途径等。提出了满足吸气式发动机近期及中期发展目标的燃料体系,包括积净热值达到60MJ/L的高能量密度燃料,满足长时间运行马赫5～6,马赫7～8,组合动力预冷发动机及马赫数>9飞行的燃料。
The requirements of air-breathing aerospace engines for fuels from the aspect of energy density,heat sink,ignition and combustion were analyzed. Then the technical routes to improve the performance of fuels were summarized,including synthesizing new liquid hydrocarbons and adding energetic nanoparticles to increase the energy density of fuel,modifying the molecular structure of fuels and applying additives and/or catalytic reactions to promote the heat sink,and designing and synthesizing chemically active fuel molecules and utilizing highly active additives to improve the combustion efficiency. Finally the fuels to satisfy the development of future airbreathing engines were suggested,including high-energy-density fuel with energy of 60 MJ/L,fuels with heat sink to endure flight at speed of 5～6 Mach( for long time),7～8 Mach and 9 Mach respectively,and fuels for pre-cooling combined power engines.
The requirements of air-breathing aerospace engines for fuels from the aspect of energy density,heat sink,ignition and combustion were analyzed. Then the technical routes to improve the performance of fuels were summarized,including synthesizing new liquid hydrocarbons and adding energetic nanoparticles to increase the energy density of fuel,modifying the molecular structure of fuels and applying additives and/or catalytic reactions to promote the heat sink,and designing and synthesizing chemically active fuel molecules and utilizing highly active additives to improve the combustion efficiency. Finally the fuels to satisfy the development of future airbreathing engines were suggested,including high-energy-density fuel with energy of 60 MJ/L,fuels with heat sink to endure flight at speed of 5～6 Mach( for long time),7～8 Mach and 9 Mach respectively,and fuels for pre-cooling combined power engines.
引文
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[2] Chung H S,Chen C S H,Kremer R A,et al. Recent Developments in High-Energy Density Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels[J]. Energy&Fuels,1999,13(3):641-649.
[3] Aminov R I,Dzhemilev U M,Khusnutdinov R I,et al.Production of Dimer of Norbornadiene-Endo-EndoHexacyclo(9.2.1.02,10.03,8.04,6.05,9)-Tetradecene-12 Involves Dimerizing of Norbornadiene by Catalytic System Containing Tris(Acetylacetonato)Iron(III)and Aluminum-Organic Compound[R]. RU2015157425,2015.
[4] Jeong B,Han J,Manufacturing Heptacyclic Binor S Norbornadiene Dimer by Reacting Norbornadiene with Cobalt Compound as Main Catalyst,Triethyl Aluminum as Reducing Catalyst,Chloroaluminum as Catalyst Activator and Aluminum as Metallic Catalyst[S]. KR2015005115-A. 2015.
[5]邹吉军,郭成,张香文,等.航天推进用高密度液体碳氢燃料:合成与应用[J].推进技术,2014,35(10):1419-1425.(ZOU Ji-jun,GUO Cheng,ZHANG Xiang-wen,et al. High-Density Fuels for Aerospace Propulsion:Synthesis and Application[J]. Journal of Propulsion Technology,2014,35(10):1419-1425.)
[6] E X,Zhi X,Zhang Y,et al. Jet Fuel Containing Ligand-Protecting Energetic Nanoparticles:a Case Study of Boron in JP-10[J]. Chemical Engineering Science,2015,129:9-13.
[7]鄂秀天凤,彭浩,邹吉军,等.含有纳米铝颗粒的高密度悬浮燃料研究[J].推进技术,2016,37(5):974-977.(E Xiu tian-feng,PENG Hao,ZOU Ji-jun,et al. Study on Al NPs-Containing Suspension as HighDensity Liquid Fuel[J]. Journal of Propulsion Technology,2016,37(5):974-977.)
[8] Irfan J,Seung W B,Khalid W. Autoignition and Combustion Characteristics of Sodium Borohydride-Based Non-Toxic Hypergolic Fuel Droplet at Elevated Temperatures[J]. Combustion and Flame,2015,162:774-787.
[9] Goroshin S. Powdered Metals as Fuel for Hypersonic Ramjets[R]. AIAA 2001-3919.
[10] Balster L M,Corporan E,Dewitt M J,et al. Development of an Advanced,Thermally Stable,Coal-Based Jet Fuel[J]. Fuel Processing Technology,2008,89(4):364-378.
[11] Heneghan S P,Zabarnick S,Ballal D R. JP-8+100:the Development of High Thermal Stability Jet Fuel[J].Transactions of the ASME,1996,118:170-179.
[12] Guo W,Zhang X W,Liu G Z,et al. Roles of Hydrogen Donors and Organic Selenides in Inhibiting Solid Deposits from Thermal Stressing of n-Dodecane and Chinese RP-3 Jet Fuel[J]. Industrial Engineering&Chemical Research,2009,48:8320-8327.
[13] Maurice L Q,Corporan E,Minus D,et al. Smart Fuels:‘Controlled’Chemically Reacting[R]. AIAA 99-4916.
[14] Huang B,Shrestha U,Davis R J,et al. Endothermic Pyrolysis of JP-10 with and without Zeolite Catalyst for Hypersonic Applications[J]. AIAA Journal,2018,56(4):1616-1626.
[15] Korabelnikov A V,Kuranov A L. Thermochemical Conversion of Hydrocarbon Fuel for the AJAX Concept[R].AIAA 99-3537.
[16] Jackson K,Corporan E,Buckley P,et al. Test Results of an Endothermic Fuel Reactor[R]. AIAA 95-6028.
[17]潘伦,鄂秀天凤,邹吉军,等.四环庚烷的制备及自燃性[J].含能材料,2015,23(10):959-963.
[18] Dobbins T A,Wiley D B. Hypergolic Hydrocarbon Fuels[R]. US 8894782B2,2014.
[19] Jensen J, Braendlein B. Review of Marquardt Dual Mode Mach 8 Scramjet Development[R]. AIAA 96-3037.
[20] Billig F S. Supersonic Combustion Ramjet Missile[J].Journal of Propulsion and Power,1995,11(6):1135-1146.
[21] Grek M O,Masyukov M V. Fuel for Hypersonic Athodyd,Based on Hydrocarbon Fuel Containing Dimethyl Dicarbo Closo Octocarboran[R]. RU 2541526,2015.
[22] Ryan T W,Harlowe W W,Schwab S. Ignition Delays,Heats of Combustion,and Reaction Rates of Aluminumalkyl Derivatives Used as Ignition and Combustion Enhancers for Supersonic Combustors[R]. AIAA 1992-3841.
[23] Ambekar A,Chowdhury A,Challa S,et al. Droplet Combustion Studies of Hydrocarbon-Monopropellant Blends[J]. Fuel,2014,115:697–705.
[24] Colket M B,Spadaccini L J. Scramjet Fuels Autoignition Study[J]. Journal of Propulsion and Power,2001,17(2):315-323.