由生物质合成高密度喷气燃料
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摘要
高密度喷气燃料是为先进航空航天飞行器而合成的燃料,以生物质基原料制备高密度喷气燃料符合国家可持续发展战略并可拓展燃料来源。本文综述了近年来由生物质基原料制备高密度喷气燃料的研究进展,燃料种类包括链烷烃、带支链的单环烷烃以及多环烷烃,燃料合成原料包括环酮(醇)、呋喃醛(醇)、芳香族含氧化合物(苯酚、苯甲醚、愈创木酚)、蒎烯等生物质及其平台化合物。发动机的推进性能高度依赖于所用燃料的性能,其中,最重要的性能是密度和低温性能。本文总结了典型燃料的性能以讨论分子结构的影响,增加燃料分子中环的个数会增加燃料密度但是也会导致低温性能不期望的变化,引入支链可改善低温性能。同时讨论了烷基化、缩合、加成、加氢脱氧等燃料合成反应涉及的催化剂、反应机理及其调控等关键因素,最后对由生物质基原料合成高密度喷气燃料的发展趋势进行了展望。本文将有助于探索及发展高密度燃料合成的方法及工艺。
High-density jet fuels are advanced fuel synthesized to improve the performance of aerospace vehicles. As response to the sustainable development, the development of high-density biofuels becomes extremly necessary, which can also extend the sources of fuels. Herein, the progress in synthesis of high-density jet fuels using biomass-derived feedstock has been reviewed. Biofuels with different structure, such as paraffins, branched monocycloalkanes, and polycycloalkanes, and the feedstock including pinenes and lignocellulose-derived platform molecules such as cyclic ketones/alcohols, furanic aldehydes/alcohols, aromatic oxygenates, etc. are covered. The propulsion performance of the engine is deeply dependent on the properties of the applied fuel, for which the most important features are density and low-temperature properties. Specially, the properties of typical biofuels are summarized to discuss the effect of molecular structure. Increasing the number of the ring in fuel molecular improves the fuel density, with undesirable variation in low-temperature properties. Fortunately, introducing the branched chain will improve the low-temperature properties. And several reactions such as alkylation, condensation, cyclic addition, and hydrodeoxygenation are discussed from the aspects of catalyst and reaction condition. An outlook on further development of high-density biofuels is also given. This review will be helpful to explore and develop better approach and process for high-density biofuel synthesis and upgrade for advanced aerospace vehicles.
High-density jet fuels are advanced fuel synthesized to improve the performance of aerospace vehicles. As response to the sustainable development, the development of high-density biofuels becomes extremly necessary, which can also extend the sources of fuels. Herein, the progress in synthesis of high-density jet fuels using biomass-derived feedstock has been reviewed. Biofuels with different structure, such as paraffins, branched monocycloalkanes, and polycycloalkanes, and the feedstock including pinenes and lignocellulose-derived platform molecules such as cyclic ketones/alcohols, furanic aldehydes/alcohols, aromatic oxygenates, etc. are covered. The propulsion performance of the engine is deeply dependent on the properties of the applied fuel, for which the most important features are density and low-temperature properties. Specially, the properties of typical biofuels are summarized to discuss the effect of molecular structure. Increasing the number of the ring in fuel molecular improves the fuel density, with undesirable variation in low-temperature properties. Fortunately, introducing the branched chain will improve the low-temperature properties. And several reactions such as alkylation, condensation, cyclic addition, and hydrodeoxygenation are discussed from the aspects of catalyst and reaction condition. An outlook on further development of high-density biofuels is also given. This review will be helpful to explore and develop better approach and process for high-density biofuel synthesis and upgrade for advanced aerospace vehicles.
引文
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[60] Nie G K, Zhang X W, Pan L, Han P J, Xie J J, Li Z, Xie J W, Zou J J. Chem. Eng. Sci., 2017, 173: 91.
[61] Ma T T, Feng R, Zou J J, Zhang X W, Wang L. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2013, 52: 2486.
[62] Kim S G, Han J, Jeon J K, Yim J H. Fuel, 2014, 137: 109.
[2] 潘伦(Pan L), 邓强(Deng Q), 鄂秀天凤(E X T F), 聂根阔(Nie G K), 张香文(Zhang X W), 邹吉军(Zou J J). 化学进展(Progress in Chemistry), 2015, 27(11): 1531.
[3] Chung H S, Chen C S H, Kremer R A, Boulton J R. Energy Fuels, 1999, 13: 641.
[4] Zou J J, Xu Y, Zhang X W, Wang L. Appl. Catal. A, 2012, 421/422: 79.
[5] Wang L, Zou J J, Zhang X W, Wang L. Fuel, 2012, 91: 164.
[6] Wang L, Zou J J, Zhang X W, Wang L. Energy Fuels, 2011, 25: 1342.
[7] Wang L, Zhang X W, Zou J J, Han H, Li Y H, Wang L. Energy Fuels, 2009, 23: 2383.
[8] Zou J J, Liu Y, Pan L, Wang L, Zhang X W. Appl. Catal. B, 2010, 95: 439.
[9] Zou J J, Xiong Z Q, Wang L, Zhang X W, Mi Z T. J. Mol. Catal. A, 2007, 271: 209.
[10] Zou J J, Zhang X W, Kong J, Wang L. Fuel, 2008, 87: 3655.
[11] Corma A, Iborra S, Velty A. Chem. Rev., 2007, 107: 2411.
[12] Alonso D M, Bond J Q, Dumesic J A. Green Chem., 2010, 12: 1493.
[13] Rinaldi R, Schüth F. ChemSusChem, 2009, 2: 1096.
[14] Motagamwala A H, Won W Y, Maravelias C T, Dumesic J A. Green Chem., 2016, 18: 5756.
[15] Hronec M, Fulajtarová K. Catal. Commun., 2012, 24: 100.
[16] Xiong K, Lee W S, Bhan A, Chen J G G. ChemSusChem, 2014, 7: 2146.
[17] Ulonska K, Voll A, Marquardt W. Energy Fuels, 2016, 30: 445.
[18] Luo H Z, Ge L B, Zhang J S, Ding J, Chen R, Shi Z P. Bioresource Technol., 2016, 200: 111.
[19] Isikgor F H, Becer C R. Polym. Chem., 2015, 6: 4497.
[20] Harvey B G, Quintana R L. Energy Environ. Sci., 2010, 3: 352.
[21] Bond J Q, Alonso D M, Wang D, West R M, Dumesic J A. Science, 2010, 327: 1110.
[22] Xing R, Subrahmanyam A V, Olcay H, Qi W, van Walsum G P, Pendse H, Huber G W. Green Chem., 2010, 12: 1933.
[23] Olcay H, Subrahmanyam A V, Xing R, Lajoie J, Dumesic J A, Huber G W. Energy Environ. Sci., 2013, 6: 205.
[24] Yang J F, Li N, Li G Y, Wang W T, Wang A Q, Wang X D, Cong Y, Zhang T. ChemSusChem, 2013, 6: 1149.
[25] Pholjaroen B, Li N, Yang J F, Li G Y, Wang W T, Wang A Q, Cong Y, Wang X D, Zhang T. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2014, 53: 13618.
[26] Li S S, Li N, Li G Y, Li L, Wang A Q, Cong Y, Wang X D, Zhang T. Green Chem., 2015, 17: 3644.
[27] Yang J F, Li N, Li S S, Wang W T, Li L, Wang A Q, Wang X D, Cong Y, Zhang T. Green Chem., 2014, 16: 4879.
[28] Corma A, de la Torre O, Renz M, Villandier N. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2011, 50: 2375.
[29] Corma A, de la Torre O, Renz M. Energy Environ. Sci., 2012, 5: 6328.
[30] Chen F, Li N, Li S S, Li G Y, Wang A Q, Cong Y, Wang X D, Zhang T. Green Chem., 2016, 18: 5751.
[31] Frey A M, Bitter J H, de Jong K P. ChemCatChem, 2011, 3: 1193.
[32] Deng Q, Han P J, Xu J S, Zou J J, Wang L, Zhang X W. Chem. Eng. Sci., 2015, 138: 239.
[33] Zhang X W, Deng Q, Han P J, Xu J S, Pan L, Wang L, Zou J J. AIChE J., 2017, 63: 680.
[34] Arias K S, Climent M J, Corma A, Iborra S. Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, 8: 317.
[35] Han P J, Nie G K, Xie J J, E X T F, Pan L, Zhang X W, Zou J J. Fuel Process. Technol., 2017, 163: 45.
[36] Deng Q, Xu J S, Han P J, Pan L, Wang L, Zhang X W, Zou J J. Fuel Process. Technol., 2016, 148: 361.
[37] Yang J F, Li S S, Li N, Wang W T, Wang A Q, Zhang T, Cong Y, Wang X D, Huber G W. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2015, 54: 11825.
[38] Li S S, Chen F, Li N, Wang W T, Sheng X R, Wang A Q, Cong Y, Wang X D, Zhang T. ChemSusChem, 2017, 10: 711.
[39] Li S S, Li N, Wang W T, Li L, Wang A Q, Wang X D, Zhang T. Sci. Rep., 2016, 6: 32379.
[40] Meylemans H A, Quintana R L, Harvey B G. Fuel, 2012, 97: 560.
[41] Harvey B G, Meylemans H A, Gough R V, Quintana R L, Garrison M D, Bruno T J. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2014, 16: 9448.
[42] Harvey B G, Wright M E, Quintana R L. Energy Fuels, 2010, 24: 267.
[43] Meylemans H A, Baldwin L C, Harvey B G. Energy Fuels, 2013, 27: 883.
[44] Zou J J, Chang N, Zhang X W, Wang L. ChemCatChem, 2012, 4: 1289.
[45] Nie G K, Zou J J, Feng R, Zhang X W, Wang L. Catal. Today, 2014, 234: 271.
[46] Meylemans H A, Quintana R L, Goldsmith B R, Harvey B G. ChemSusChem, 2011, 4: 465.
[47] Goheen G E. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1941, 63: 744.
[48] Yang J F, Li N, Li G Y, Wang W T, Wang A Q, Wang X D, Cong Y, Zhang T. Chem. Commun., 2014, 50: 2572.
[49] Jiang X D, He G J, Wu X, Guo Y S, Fang W J, Xu L. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2014, 59: 2499.
[50] Deng Q, Nie G K, Pan L, Zou J J, Zhang X W, Wang L. Green Chem., 2015, 17: 4473.
[51] Wang W, Liu Y T, Li N, Li G Y, Wang W T, Wang A Q, Wang X D, Zhang T. Sci. Rep., 2017, 7: 6111.
[52] Wang W, Li N, Li G Y, Li S S, Wang W T, Wang A Q, Cong Y, Wang X D, Zhang T. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2017, 5: 1812.
[53] Sheng X R, Li G Y, Wang W T, Cong Y, Wang X D, Huber G W, Li N, Wang A Q, Zhang T. AIChE J., 2016, 62: 2754.
[54] Sheng X R, Li N, Li G Y, Wang W T, Yang J F, Cong Y, Wang A Q, Wang X D, Zhang T. Sci. Rep., 2015, 5: 9565.
[55] Xie J J, Zhang X W, Pan L, Nie G K, E X T F, Liu Q, Wang P, Li Y F, Zou J J. Chem. Commun., 2017, 53: 10303.
[56] Chen F, Li N, Yang X F, Li L, Li G Y, Li S S, Wang W T, Hu Y C, Wang A Q, Cong Y, Wang X D, Zhang T. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2016, 4: 6160.
[57] Roan M A, Boehman A L. Energy Fuels, 2004, 18: 835.
[58] Nie G K, Zhang X W, Pan L, Wang M, Zou J J. Chem. Eng. Sci., 2017, 180: 64.
[59] Nie G K, Zhang X W, Han P J, Xie J J, Pan L, Wang L, Zou J J. Chem. Eng. Sci., 2017, 158: 64.
[60] Nie G K, Zhang X W, Pan L, Han P J, Xie J J, Li Z, Xie J W, Zou J J. Chem. Eng. Sci., 2017, 173: 91.
[61] Ma T T, Feng R, Zou J J, Zhang X W, Wang L. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2013, 52: 2486.
[62] Kim S G, Han J, Jeon J K, Yim J H. Fuel, 2014, 137: 109.