农田生态学和长期试验示范引领黑土地保护和农业可持续发展
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摘要
东北黑土区是我国重要的商品粮生产基地,在保障国家粮食安全中具有"压舱石"的重要作用。但是由于耕地长期高强度利用及用养失衡导致土壤发生退化,东北黑土区的农业可持续发展受到严重制约。在此背景下,1978年原中国科学院黑龙江农业现代化研究所在东北黑土区中部的黑龙江省海伦市建立了中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站。自建站以来,围绕黑土地农田生态系统的结构和功能,建立了一系列的长期定位试验,经过长期对农田生态要素的监测和研究,划分了黑土肥力变化演化的3个时期,提出了区域尺度上的土壤有机质阈值,阐述了不同养分管理模式下的土壤养分演变规律,证实了通过农田作物的合理配置能够利用生态平衡调控有害生物对作物的危害。通过系谱法选育高产优质"东生号"系列大豆新品种10个,并且进行了成果转化和大面积推广应用。通过研发肥沃耕层构建关键技术,创建了东北黑土地保护利用模式,在黑龙江省的十几个产粮大县示范推广。通过基础理论研究—关键技术研发—大面积推广示范,长期试验示范为东北黑土地保护和区域农业可持续发展起到了重要的科技支撑。
Black soil region in Northeast is one of important commercial food production bases in China, and is irreplaceable for the national food security. However, the sustainable development of agriculture in Northeast has been severely constrained by soil degradation caused by long-term intensive and unbalanced use of arable land without protection of it. To solve this problem, original Heilongjiang Institute of Agricultural Modernization, Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) established Hailun Agro-ecosystem Experimental Station(Hailun Station), CAS in the central black soil region in Northeast in 1978. Since then, a series of long-term experiments have been set up based on the structure and function of the region. The evolution of soil fertility has been divided into three periods in light of the long-term monitoring and research for key elements in agro-ecosystem. The thresholds of soil organic matter on regional scale were proposed, and the evolution of soil fertility under different management patterns of soil nutrients was expounded,which verified that appropriate arrangement of field crops could regulate and control the impact of pests on crops. 10 high-yield soybean varieties were bred with pedigree method and were applied in Heilongjiang Province. Through the research and development of critical technologies for constructing fertile cultivated soil layer, the protection and utilization patterns of black soil were established,which were demonstrated and extended in more than 10 major grain-producing counties in Heilongjiang Province. Long-term research provides scientific and technological support for the protection of black soil and regional agricultural development through the combination of basic research, critical techniques development and large-scale demonstration.
Black soil region in Northeast is one of important commercial food production bases in China, and is irreplaceable for the national food security. However, the sustainable development of agriculture in Northeast has been severely constrained by soil degradation caused by long-term intensive and unbalanced use of arable land without protection of it. To solve this problem, original Heilongjiang Institute of Agricultural Modernization, Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) established Hailun Agro-ecosystem Experimental Station(Hailun Station), CAS in the central black soil region in Northeast in 1978. Since then, a series of long-term experiments have been set up based on the structure and function of the region. The evolution of soil fertility has been divided into three periods in light of the long-term monitoring and research for key elements in agro-ecosystem. The thresholds of soil organic matter on regional scale were proposed, and the evolution of soil fertility under different management patterns of soil nutrients was expounded,which verified that appropriate arrangement of field crops could regulate and control the impact of pests on crops. 10 high-yield soybean varieties were bred with pedigree method and were applied in Heilongjiang Province. Through the research and development of critical technologies for constructing fertile cultivated soil layer, the protection and utilization patterns of black soil were established,which were demonstrated and extended in more than 10 major grain-producing counties in Heilongjiang Province. Long-term research provides scientific and technological support for the protection of black soil and regional agricultural development through the combination of basic research, critical techniques development and large-scale demonstration.
引文
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8 Han X Z,Li H B.SOM pool of a black soil:impacts of landuse change and long-term fertilization.Beijing:Science Press,2010.
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12韩晓增,颜春起.中国东北农田土壤水分属性及调控.北京:科学出版社,2005.
13韩晓增,许艳丽.农业生态系统结构与功能研究.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学出版社,1996.
14韩晓增,许艳丽.大豆重迎茬减产控制.北京:科学出版社,1999.
15 Yan J,Han X Z,Ji Z J,et al.Advance and diversity of soybeannodulating rhizobia in black soil are impacted by land use and crop management.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2014,80(17):5394-5402.
16韩天富,韩晓增.走粮豆轮作均衡持续丰产的农业发展道路.大豆科技,2016,(1):1-3.
17韩晓增,邹文秀,陆欣春.耕地肥沃耕层构建技术规程.DB23/T 1986-2017.
18韩晓增,邹文秀,陆欣春,等.旱作土壤耕层及其肥力培育途径.土壤与作物,2015,4(4):145-150.
19韩晓增,邹文秀,王凤仙,等.黑土肥沃耕层构建效应.应用生态学报,2009,20(12):2996-3002.
20邹文秀,韩晓增,陆欣春,等.施入不同土层的秸秆腐殖化特征及对玉米产量的影响.应用生态学报,2017,28(2):563-570.
21邹文秀,陆欣春,韩晓增,等.耕作深度及秸秆还田对农田黑土土壤供水能力及作物产量的影响.土壤与作物,2016,5(3):141-149.
2中国科学院林业土壤研究所.中国东北土壤.北京:科学出版社,1980.
3魏丹,匡恩俊,迟凤琴,等.东北黑土资源现状与保护策略.黑龙江农业科学,2016,16(1):158-161.
4韩晓增,邹文秀.我国东北黑土地保护与肥力提升的成效与建议.中国科学院院刊,2018,33(2):206-212.
5张之一.黑龙江省土壤开垦后土壤有机质含量的变化.黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2010,22(1):1-4.
6韩晓增李娜.中国东北黑土农田关键生态过程与调控.哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,2011.
7韩晓增,李娜.中国东北黑土地研究进展与展望.地理科学,2018,38(7):1032-1041.
8 Han X Z,Li H B.SOM pool of a black soil:impacts of landuse change and long-term fertilization.Beijing:Science Press,2010.
9韩晓增,王凤仙,王凤菊,等.长期施用有机肥对黑土肥力及作物产量的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(1):66-71.
10孟凯,张兴义,隋跃宇,等.黑龙江海伦农田黑土水分特征.土壤通报,2003,34(1):11-14.
11邹文秀,韩晓增,江恒,等.东北黑土区降水特征及其对土壤水分的影响.农业工程学报,2011,27(9):196-122.
12韩晓增,颜春起.中国东北农田土壤水分属性及调控.北京:科学出版社,2005.
13韩晓增,许艳丽.农业生态系统结构与功能研究.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学出版社,1996.
14韩晓增,许艳丽.大豆重迎茬减产控制.北京:科学出版社,1999.
15 Yan J,Han X Z,Ji Z J,et al.Advance and diversity of soybeannodulating rhizobia in black soil are impacted by land use and crop management.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2014,80(17):5394-5402.
16韩天富,韩晓增.走粮豆轮作均衡持续丰产的农业发展道路.大豆科技,2016,(1):1-3.
17韩晓增,邹文秀,陆欣春.耕地肥沃耕层构建技术规程.DB23/T 1986-2017.
18韩晓增,邹文秀,陆欣春,等.旱作土壤耕层及其肥力培育途径.土壤与作物,2015,4(4):145-150.
19韩晓增,邹文秀,王凤仙,等.黑土肥沃耕层构建效应.应用生态学报,2009,20(12):2996-3002.
20邹文秀,韩晓增,陆欣春,等.施入不同土层的秸秆腐殖化特征及对玉米产量的影响.应用生态学报,2017,28(2):563-570.
21邹文秀,陆欣春,韩晓增,等.耕作深度及秸秆还田对农田黑土土壤供水能力及作物产量的影响.土壤与作物,2016,5(3):141-149.