套作玉米对草莓生长生理特性及其产量和品质的影响
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摘要
该研究采用草莓玉米套作和草莓连作方式,对草莓的生长、生理及其产量和品质进行比较分析,为生产中克服草莓连作障碍提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)套作条件下草莓的株高、根长、茎粗和整株重量等营养生长指标均显著高于相应的连作模式。(2)与连作相比,套作可提高草莓植株的总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,同时可提高草莓植株根系和叶片的可溶性糖含量,使根系丙二醛含量维持在较低水平,保证草莓植株良好生长。(3)与草莓连作相比,套作玉米使秋季草莓苗的定植入田死苗率降低28.8%,加快缓苗速度,且单株保持良好长势和后期正常坐果。(4)套作玉米能够显著提高草莓果实的硬度、单果重及单株产量,但对果实可溶性固形物无显著影响。研究认为,草莓套作玉米能够克服草莓连作障碍,促进草莓植株的营养生长,增强草莓植株抵御逆境胁迫的能力,提高产量和品质。
In this paper,the strawberry plant growth,physiology,yield and quality were analyzed and compared under the condition of intercropping with corn and continuous cropping,with a purpose of providing the theoretical basis for overcoming the continuous cropping obstacles in strawberry production.Results showed that:(1)the strawberry growth index of intercropping with corn was significantly higher than that of continuous copping,such as the plant height,the root length,the stem diameter,and the weight of strawberry plant.(2)Compared with continuous cropping,the tillage pattern of intercropping with corn could increase the protective enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase,ethanol dehydrogenase and peroxidase.In addition,intercropping with corn could increase soluble sugar content in roots and leaves of strawberry plant,respectively,and make the malondialdehyde content in a relative low level,simultaneously.It means that intercropping with corn could ensure the strawberry plant growth well.(3)Intercropping with corn could reduce the rate of strawberry plants by 28.8%,when they were transplanted atthe beginning of autumn,and these transplanted strawberry could be quickly recovered in the field of intercropping with corn,which compared with continuous cropping.(4)The strawberry plant,which intercropping with corn,has the ability to significantly increase their fruit hardness,the single fruit weight,and the yield of single strawberry plant concurrently,but has no significant effect on the soluble content.We can summarize that strawberry continuous cropping obstacles could be overcome by intercropping with corn,and the strawberry plant vegetative growth and the resistance to stress were improved,and the fruit yield and quality were also increased under the intercropping with corn,respectively.
In this paper,the strawberry plant growth,physiology,yield and quality were analyzed and compared under the condition of intercropping with corn and continuous cropping,with a purpose of providing the theoretical basis for overcoming the continuous cropping obstacles in strawberry production.Results showed that:(1)the strawberry growth index of intercropping with corn was significantly higher than that of continuous copping,such as the plant height,the root length,the stem diameter,and the weight of strawberry plant.(2)Compared with continuous cropping,the tillage pattern of intercropping with corn could increase the protective enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase,ethanol dehydrogenase and peroxidase.In addition,intercropping with corn could increase soluble sugar content in roots and leaves of strawberry plant,respectively,and make the malondialdehyde content in a relative low level,simultaneously.It means that intercropping with corn could ensure the strawberry plant growth well.(3)Intercropping with corn could reduce the rate of strawberry plants by 28.8%,when they were transplanted atthe beginning of autumn,and these transplanted strawberry could be quickly recovered in the field of intercropping with corn,which compared with continuous cropping.(4)The strawberry plant,which intercropping with corn,has the ability to significantly increase their fruit hardness,the single fruit weight,and the yield of single strawberry plant concurrently,but has no significant effect on the soluble content.We can summarize that strawberry continuous cropping obstacles could be overcome by intercropping with corn,and the strawberry plant vegetative growth and the resistance to stress were improved,and the fruit yield and quality were also increased under the intercropping with corn,respectively.
引文
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[13]袁娟.扁豆和草莓套作优质高产栽培技术[J].上海蔬菜,2015,(3):51-52.YUAN J.Cultivation techniques for high quality and high yield of strawberry intercropping with lentils[J].Shanghai Vegetables,2015,(3):51-52.
[14]姚林泉.草莓-甜瓜轮作高产高效栽培技术[J].上海蔬菜,2017,(3):61-63.YAO L Q.High yield and high efficiency cultivation techniques of strawberry rotating with muskmelon[J].Shanghai Vegetables,2017,(3):61-63.
[15]苏雄.日光温室草莓-‘芝麻蜜'甜瓜-黑豆高效轮作栽培[J].中国瓜菜,2017,30(11):57-60.SU X.Efficiency cultivation of strawberry rotating with‘Zhimami'muskmelon-black soya bean in Greenhouse[J].China Fruit and Vegetable,2017,30(11):57-60.
[16]蔡伟建,赵密珍,于红梅,等.轮作叶菜对大棚高架栽培草莓生长结果的影响[J].中国果树,2017,(4):31-34.CAI W J,ZHAO M Z,YU H M,et al.Effects of strawberry growth rotating with leaf vegetables in greenhouse high bench cultivation[J].China Fruits,2017,(4):31-34.
[17]张育青,张学正.浙南地区早稻——草莓水旱轮作栽培技术[J].中国农技推广,2017,33(1):31-32.ZHANG Y Q,ZHANG X Z.Cultivation techniques of strawberry rotating with early rice in southern Zhejiang[J].Chian Agricultural Technology Extension,2017,33(1):31-32.
[18]ZHAO H,SUN X,XUE M,et al.Antioxidant enzyme responses induced by whiteflies in tobacco plants in defense against aphids:catalase may play a dominant role[J].PloS One,2016,11(10):e0165454.
[19]WALKER J.Spectrophotometric determination of enzyme activity:alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH)[J].Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education,1992,20(1):42-43.
[20]ABID M,ALI S,QI L K,et al.Physiological and biochemical changes during drought and recovery periods at tillering and jointing stages in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)[J].Scientific Reports,2018,8(1):4615.
[21]ELAD Y,CHET I,HENIS Y.Biological control of rhizoctoniasolani in strawberry fields by trichoderma harzianum[J].Plant and Soil,1981,60(2):245-254.
[22]黄亚丽,甄文超,张丽萍,等.草莓重茬病菌的分离及其生物防治[J].生物技术,2005,15(6):74-76.HUANG Y L,ZHEN W C,ZHANG L P,et al.Separated of causal organisms and biocontrol of strawberry(Fragaria ananassa Dach.)replant disease[J].Biotechnology,2005,15(6):74-76.
[23]肖雪梅.套作大蒜或青蒜消减大棚黄瓜连作障碍的效果及机理研究[D].陕西杨陵:西北农林科技大学,2013.
[24]徐强,刘艳君,陶鸿.间套作玉米对线辣椒根际土壤微生物生态特征的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(9):1 078-1 087.XU Q,LIU Y J,TAO H.Effects of relay intercropping maize on rhizosphere soil microbial ecological characteristics in capsicum fields[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2013,21(9):1 078-1 087.
[25]付学鹏,吴凤芝,吴瑕,等.间套作改善作物矿质营养的机理研究进展[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(2):525-535.FU X P,WU F Z,WU X,et al.Advances in the mechanism of improving crop mineral nutrients in intercropping and relay intercropping systems[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2016,22(2):525-535.
[26]ABASSI N A,KUSHAD M M,ENDRESS A G.Active oxygen-scavenging enzymes activities in developing apple flowers and fruits[J].Scientia Horticulturae,1998,74(3):183-194.
[27]吴文瑜.植物同工酶的研究和应用[J].植物科学学报,1990,8(2):183-188.WU W Y.Research and application of plant isozymes[J].Journal of Wuhan Research,1990,8(2):183-188.
[28]胡涛.拟南芥乙醇脱氢酶纯化及酶学性质研究[D].浙江临安:浙江农林大学,2015.
[29]李会会.草莓和杨梅果实乙醇积累机理及腐烂预测模型研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2012.
[30]范爽,高东升,赵海亮.设施栽培条件下桃树果实不同发育时期14C-同化物的运转及分配特性[J].核农学报,2006,20(3):241-244.FAN S,GAO D S,ZHAO H L.Characterization of translocation and distribution of 14C-assimilaates in peach fruit development under protected culture[J].Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences,2006,20(3):241-244.
[31]王晓维,黄国勤,徐健程,等.铜胁迫和间作对玉米抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛含量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(10):1 890-1 896.WANG X W,HUANG G Q,XU J C,et al.Effects of copper stresses and intercropping on antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde contents in maize[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(10):1 890-1 896.
[32]齐永志,甄文超,代丽,等.连作条件下不同品种草莓生长发育和根部病害发生状况的研究[J].中国农学通报,2008,24(6):374-378.QI Y Z,ZHEN W C,DAI L,et al.Study on growth and root disease of different strawberry cultivars from continuous cropping[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2008,24(6):374-378.
[2]赵密珍,钱亚明,王壮伟,等.江苏草莓产业现状与展望[C]//草莓研究进展(IV).北京:中国园艺学会.2015,444-448.
[3]马燕会,齐永志,赵绪生,等.自毒物质胁迫下不同草莓品种枯萎病抗性变化的研究[J].河北农业大学学报,2012,35(2):93-97.MA Y H,QI Y Z,ZHAO X S,et al.Wild disease resistance of different strawberry cultivars under root autotoxins stress[J].Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei,2012,35(2):93-97.
[4]陈云林.盐城市盐都区草莓连作障碍原因调查及防治技术[D].南京:南京农业大学,2015.
[5]赵帆,赵密珍,王钰,等.不同连作年限草莓根际细菌和真菌多样性变化[J].微生物学通报,2017,44(6):1 377-1 386.ZHAO F,ZHAO M Z,WANG Y,et al.Biodiversity of bacteria and fungi in rhizosphere of strawberry with different continuous cropping years[J].Microbiology China,2017,44(6):1 377-1 386.
[6]高志华,张学英,葛会波,等.草莓根系分泌物障碍效应的模拟研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(1):189-193.GAO Z H,ZHANG X Y,GE H B,et al.Modeling the obstacle effects of strawberry root exudates[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2008,14(1):189-193.
[7]高志华.草莓(Fragaria ananassa Duch.)连作障碍机理及抗连作障碍的研究[D].河北保定:河北农业大学,2003.
[8]刘奇志,李星月,刘艳斌,等.国内外草莓连作障碍与综合治理研究进展[J].中国果树,2012,(6):58-62.LIU Q Z,LI X Y,LIU Y B,et al.Research advances of obstacle and management in continuous cropping at home and abroad[J].China Fruits,2012,(6):58-62.
[9]崔爱花,周丽华,杨滨娟,等.红壤旱地不同复种方式的生态功能评价[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(2):456-464.CUI A H,ZHOU L H,YANG B J,et al.Ecological evaluation of different multiple cropping systems in red soil drylands[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(2):456-464.
[10]卢良恕.中国立体农业概论[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1999.
[11]樊庆波,邹永洲,徐苑芳.设施草莓间套作模式研究[J].中国果菜,2009,(7):18-20.FAN Q B,ZOU Y Z,XU Y F.Study on intercropping pattern of strawberry in facilities[J].China Fruit and Vegetable,2009,(7):18-20.
[12]陶福英,周东海.大棚草莓-丝瓜高效栽培模式技术要点[J].上海农业科技,2015,(5):92-93.TAO F Y,ZHOU D H.Key technique of high efficiency cultivation model of strawberry intercropping with luffa in Greenhouse[J].Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology,2015,(5):92-93.
[13]袁娟.扁豆和草莓套作优质高产栽培技术[J].上海蔬菜,2015,(3):51-52.YUAN J.Cultivation techniques for high quality and high yield of strawberry intercropping with lentils[J].Shanghai Vegetables,2015,(3):51-52.
[14]姚林泉.草莓-甜瓜轮作高产高效栽培技术[J].上海蔬菜,2017,(3):61-63.YAO L Q.High yield and high efficiency cultivation techniques of strawberry rotating with muskmelon[J].Shanghai Vegetables,2017,(3):61-63.
[15]苏雄.日光温室草莓-‘芝麻蜜'甜瓜-黑豆高效轮作栽培[J].中国瓜菜,2017,30(11):57-60.SU X.Efficiency cultivation of strawberry rotating with‘Zhimami'muskmelon-black soya bean in Greenhouse[J].China Fruit and Vegetable,2017,30(11):57-60.
[16]蔡伟建,赵密珍,于红梅,等.轮作叶菜对大棚高架栽培草莓生长结果的影响[J].中国果树,2017,(4):31-34.CAI W J,ZHAO M Z,YU H M,et al.Effects of strawberry growth rotating with leaf vegetables in greenhouse high bench cultivation[J].China Fruits,2017,(4):31-34.
[17]张育青,张学正.浙南地区早稻——草莓水旱轮作栽培技术[J].中国农技推广,2017,33(1):31-32.ZHANG Y Q,ZHANG X Z.Cultivation techniques of strawberry rotating with early rice in southern Zhejiang[J].Chian Agricultural Technology Extension,2017,33(1):31-32.
[18]ZHAO H,SUN X,XUE M,et al.Antioxidant enzyme responses induced by whiteflies in tobacco plants in defense against aphids:catalase may play a dominant role[J].PloS One,2016,11(10):e0165454.
[19]WALKER J.Spectrophotometric determination of enzyme activity:alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH)[J].Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education,1992,20(1):42-43.
[20]ABID M,ALI S,QI L K,et al.Physiological and biochemical changes during drought and recovery periods at tillering and jointing stages in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)[J].Scientific Reports,2018,8(1):4615.
[21]ELAD Y,CHET I,HENIS Y.Biological control of rhizoctoniasolani in strawberry fields by trichoderma harzianum[J].Plant and Soil,1981,60(2):245-254.
[22]黄亚丽,甄文超,张丽萍,等.草莓重茬病菌的分离及其生物防治[J].生物技术,2005,15(6):74-76.HUANG Y L,ZHEN W C,ZHANG L P,et al.Separated of causal organisms and biocontrol of strawberry(Fragaria ananassa Dach.)replant disease[J].Biotechnology,2005,15(6):74-76.
[23]肖雪梅.套作大蒜或青蒜消减大棚黄瓜连作障碍的效果及机理研究[D].陕西杨陵:西北农林科技大学,2013.
[24]徐强,刘艳君,陶鸿.间套作玉米对线辣椒根际土壤微生物生态特征的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(9):1 078-1 087.XU Q,LIU Y J,TAO H.Effects of relay intercropping maize on rhizosphere soil microbial ecological characteristics in capsicum fields[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2013,21(9):1 078-1 087.
[25]付学鹏,吴凤芝,吴瑕,等.间套作改善作物矿质营养的机理研究进展[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(2):525-535.FU X P,WU F Z,WU X,et al.Advances in the mechanism of improving crop mineral nutrients in intercropping and relay intercropping systems[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2016,22(2):525-535.
[26]ABASSI N A,KUSHAD M M,ENDRESS A G.Active oxygen-scavenging enzymes activities in developing apple flowers and fruits[J].Scientia Horticulturae,1998,74(3):183-194.
[27]吴文瑜.植物同工酶的研究和应用[J].植物科学学报,1990,8(2):183-188.WU W Y.Research and application of plant isozymes[J].Journal of Wuhan Research,1990,8(2):183-188.
[28]胡涛.拟南芥乙醇脱氢酶纯化及酶学性质研究[D].浙江临安:浙江农林大学,2015.
[29]李会会.草莓和杨梅果实乙醇积累机理及腐烂预测模型研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2012.
[30]范爽,高东升,赵海亮.设施栽培条件下桃树果实不同发育时期14C-同化物的运转及分配特性[J].核农学报,2006,20(3):241-244.FAN S,GAO D S,ZHAO H L.Characterization of translocation and distribution of 14C-assimilaates in peach fruit development under protected culture[J].Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences,2006,20(3):241-244.
[31]王晓维,黄国勤,徐健程,等.铜胁迫和间作对玉米抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛含量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(10):1 890-1 896.WANG X W,HUANG G Q,XU J C,et al.Effects of copper stresses and intercropping on antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde contents in maize[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(10):1 890-1 896.
[32]齐永志,甄文超,代丽,等.连作条件下不同品种草莓生长发育和根部病害发生状况的研究[J].中国农学通报,2008,24(6):374-378.QI Y Z,ZHEN W C,DAI L,et al.Study on growth and root disease of different strawberry cultivars from continuous cropping[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2008,24(6):374-378.