移民对中国在美国直接投资的影响研究
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摘要
基于中国对美国各州的移民和直接投资数据,运用重心模型分析得出:美国华人移民的人口重心和集聚重心均向东北方向移动,中国对美国直接投资的重心变化区域也位于美国东、中部地区,二者在空间上的重叠性和耦合性日益增强。进而运用灰色关联法实证华人移民对中国在美国直接投资的影响处于中等水平,且影响长期稳定。
Chinese outward foreign direct investment to the United States(US) has achieved rapid growth since2008 and reached $38.011×1010 in 2014, which has covered 46 states or districts by now. At present, the United States has become the largest foreign direct investment destination for China. Under this background, the study of the influencing factors of China's direct investment should be extended from the analysis of economic factors to non-economic factors. Chinese traditional business culture emphasized that personal networks should be established to reduce transaction costs and the uncertainty of the new market. After living abroad for many years, Chinese immigrants have a profound understanding on the local economy, culture, customs, law and politics and so on, and become a bridge between domestic and abroad. So they are the special resource for Chinese enterprises overseas. With the stable growth of the Chinese immigrants in the United States, their influence on the local economic, cultural and political development is in deepening, which has special significance to the transnational operation and location choice of Chinese enterprises. However the relevant research in this area is rare. Therefore, it is a question worthy of our in-depth inquiry that what the influence of Chinese immigrants on COFDI in the US have, and how to make full use of this kind of potential advantage to avoid the negative impacts from globalization and promote the economic development of economy of our country. This article takes the Chinese immigration as one of the factors that affect China's direct investment in the United States, firstly analyzed the impact of Chinese immigrants on the COFDI within the United States which attracts Chinese immigrants and direct investment, discusses how the Chinese immigrants influence the location choice of China's direct investment at the state level. It took 50 states and the District of Columbia as the research area and analyzed the evolution process, spatial pattern and spatial coupling by gravity model based on the data about Chinese immigrants and direct investment in the US. More over, the gray relational model is used to analyze the influence of immigration factors on China's direct investment in the United States. The results are as follows: The gravity center of Chinese immigrants and COFDI in the United States is mainly located in the Missouri-based Central and Eastern region of the United States. The track gravity center of Chinese immigration and investment entry times presented on the the Arc GIS space map respectively an "S" and a spiral line, and the track of investment intensity gravity center changed in a larger range with jumping characteristics. The regional distribution of Chinese immigrants in the United States tends to be stable, while the location choice of direct investment is still in changing. However, the overlapping of gravity center of Chinese FDI and Immigrant is higher and higher, and the spatial coupling is more stronger. The analysis results show that compared with other factors, the impact of the immigration on China's direct investment in the United States is at a moderate level with a relatively steady state.
Chinese outward foreign direct investment to the United States(US) has achieved rapid growth since2008 and reached $38.011×1010 in 2014, which has covered 46 states or districts by now. At present, the United States has become the largest foreign direct investment destination for China. Under this background, the study of the influencing factors of China's direct investment should be extended from the analysis of economic factors to non-economic factors. Chinese traditional business culture emphasized that personal networks should be established to reduce transaction costs and the uncertainty of the new market. After living abroad for many years, Chinese immigrants have a profound understanding on the local economy, culture, customs, law and politics and so on, and become a bridge between domestic and abroad. So they are the special resource for Chinese enterprises overseas. With the stable growth of the Chinese immigrants in the United States, their influence on the local economic, cultural and political development is in deepening, which has special significance to the transnational operation and location choice of Chinese enterprises. However the relevant research in this area is rare. Therefore, it is a question worthy of our in-depth inquiry that what the influence of Chinese immigrants on COFDI in the US have, and how to make full use of this kind of potential advantage to avoid the negative impacts from globalization and promote the economic development of economy of our country. This article takes the Chinese immigration as one of the factors that affect China's direct investment in the United States, firstly analyzed the impact of Chinese immigrants on the COFDI within the United States which attracts Chinese immigrants and direct investment, discusses how the Chinese immigrants influence the location choice of China's direct investment at the state level. It took 50 states and the District of Columbia as the research area and analyzed the evolution process, spatial pattern and spatial coupling by gravity model based on the data about Chinese immigrants and direct investment in the US. More over, the gray relational model is used to analyze the influence of immigration factors on China's direct investment in the United States. The results are as follows: The gravity center of Chinese immigrants and COFDI in the United States is mainly located in the Missouri-based Central and Eastern region of the United States. The track gravity center of Chinese immigration and investment entry times presented on the the Arc GIS space map respectively an "S" and a spiral line, and the track of investment intensity gravity center changed in a larger range with jumping characteristics. The regional distribution of Chinese immigrants in the United States tends to be stable, while the location choice of direct investment is still in changing. However, the overlapping of gravity center of Chinese FDI and Immigrant is higher and higher, and the spatial coupling is more stronger. The analysis results show that compared with other factors, the impact of the immigration on China's direct investment in the United States is at a moderate level with a relatively steady state.
引文
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[10]范兆斌,杨俊.海外移民网络交易成本与外向型直接投资[J].财贸经济,2015(4):96-108.[Fan Zhaobin,Yang Jun.International immigration network,transaction cost and outward FDI.Finance&Trade Economics,2015(4):96-108.]
[11]吴群锋,蒋为.全球华人网络如何促进中国对外直接投资[J].财经研究,2015,41(12):95-106.[Wu Qunfeng,Jiang Wei.How does ethnic Chinese network promote Chinese OFDI.Journal of finance and Economics,2015,41(12):95-106.]
[12]包富华,陈瑛,孙根年.我国入境商务旅游与FDI的空间聚散及形成机制[J].经济管理,2015(12):124-134.[Bao Fuhua,Chen Ying,Sun Gennian.The study on the spatial gather-pervasion and the formation mechanism of inbound business tourism and FDI.Economic Management Journal,2015(12):124-134.]
[13]杨宁,邹逸江,陆阳.浙江人口重心与经济重心耦合性演变研究[J].科技与经济论坛,2017,30(1):96-100.[Yang Ning,Zou Yijiang,Lu Yang.Study on coupling evolution of population gravity center and economic.Science&Technology and Economy,2017,30(1):96-100.]
[14]Dunning J H.Location and the multinational enterprise:John Dunning's thoughts on receiving the Journal of International Business Studies 2008 Decade Award[J].Journal of international Business Studies,2009,40(1):20-34.
[15]郑蕾,刘毅,刘卫东.东北三省对外直接投资空间格局及影响因素[J].地理科学,2016,36(9):1329-1337.[Zheng Lei,Liu Yi,Liu Weidong.The spatio-temporal pattern evolution of Northeast China’s outward direct investment.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(9):1329-1337.]
[16]葛振宇,湛泳.中国对美国直接投资的影响因素研究[J].亚太经济,2015(2):85-91.[Ge Zhenyu,Zhan Yong.Study on the influence factors of Chinese direct investment in America.Asiapacific Economic Review,2015(2):85-91.]
[17]王庆喜,徐维祥,朱恒福.外商群集投资的区位决定因素:基于验证性因子分析的研究[J].地理科学,2012,32(12):1439-1443.[Wang Qingxi,Xu Weixiang,Zhu Hengfu.Location determinants of foreign clustering investment:An empirical research based on confirmatory factor analysis.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2012,32(12):1439-1443.]
[2]Kugler M,Rapopotr H.Migration,FDI,and the margins of trade[R].Cambridge:CID Working Paper,2011.
[3]De Simone G,Manchin M.Outward migration and inward FDI:Factor mobility between Eastern and Western Europe[J]Review of International Economics,2012,20(3):600-615.
[4]Singer D.The Role of Ethnic Chinese networks in China’s FDIinflows[R].Minneapolis:Honors Projects of Economics Department of Macalester College,2006.
[5]Kelley D,Coner J K,Lyles M A.Chinese foreign direct investment in the United States:Location choice determinants and strategic implications for the state of Indiana[J].Business Horizons,2013,56(4):443-451.
[6]Aroca P,Maloney W F.Migration,trade,and foreign direct investment in Mexico[J].World Bank Econ Rev,2005,19(3):449-472.
[7]Javorcik B,Spatareanu M,Neagu C.Migrant networks and foreign direct investment[J].Journal of Development Economics,2011,94(2):231-241.
[8]耿利敏,戴枫.华商关系网在我国对外贸易和对外直接投资中的作用[J].东南亚从横,2006(11):75-79.[Geng Limin,Dai Feng.The role of Chinese businessmen in Chinese trade and investment abroad.Around Southeast Asia,2006(11):75-79.]
[9]李凝,胡日东.文化差异对中国企业COFDI区位选择的影响:东道国华人网络的调节效应[J].华侨大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2014(3):93-100.[Li Ning,Hu Ridong.Cultural difference and location choice of Chinese OFDI:the moderating effect of oversea ethnic Chinese networks.Journal of Huaqiao University(Philosophy&Social Sciences),2014(3):93-100.]
[10]范兆斌,杨俊.海外移民网络交易成本与外向型直接投资[J].财贸经济,2015(4):96-108.[Fan Zhaobin,Yang Jun.International immigration network,transaction cost and outward FDI.Finance&Trade Economics,2015(4):96-108.]
[11]吴群锋,蒋为.全球华人网络如何促进中国对外直接投资[J].财经研究,2015,41(12):95-106.[Wu Qunfeng,Jiang Wei.How does ethnic Chinese network promote Chinese OFDI.Journal of finance and Economics,2015,41(12):95-106.]
[12]包富华,陈瑛,孙根年.我国入境商务旅游与FDI的空间聚散及形成机制[J].经济管理,2015(12):124-134.[Bao Fuhua,Chen Ying,Sun Gennian.The study on the spatial gather-pervasion and the formation mechanism of inbound business tourism and FDI.Economic Management Journal,2015(12):124-134.]
[13]杨宁,邹逸江,陆阳.浙江人口重心与经济重心耦合性演变研究[J].科技与经济论坛,2017,30(1):96-100.[Yang Ning,Zou Yijiang,Lu Yang.Study on coupling evolution of population gravity center and economic.Science&Technology and Economy,2017,30(1):96-100.]
[14]Dunning J H.Location and the multinational enterprise:John Dunning's thoughts on receiving the Journal of International Business Studies 2008 Decade Award[J].Journal of international Business Studies,2009,40(1):20-34.
[15]郑蕾,刘毅,刘卫东.东北三省对外直接投资空间格局及影响因素[J].地理科学,2016,36(9):1329-1337.[Zheng Lei,Liu Yi,Liu Weidong.The spatio-temporal pattern evolution of Northeast China’s outward direct investment.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(9):1329-1337.]
[16]葛振宇,湛泳.中国对美国直接投资的影响因素研究[J].亚太经济,2015(2):85-91.[Ge Zhenyu,Zhan Yong.Study on the influence factors of Chinese direct investment in America.Asiapacific Economic Review,2015(2):85-91.]
[17]王庆喜,徐维祥,朱恒福.外商群集投资的区位决定因素:基于验证性因子分析的研究[J].地理科学,2012,32(12):1439-1443.[Wang Qingxi,Xu Weixiang,Zhu Hengfu.Location determinants of foreign clustering investment:An empirical research based on confirmatory factor analysis.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2012,32(12):1439-1443.]