上海市夏冬两季PM_(2.5)中碳组分污染特征及来源解析
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摘要
2009年7月和2010年1月在上海市华东理工大学采样点采集PM2.5样品,应用热/光碳分析仪对样品中的有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)进行了测定,并计算得到了二次有机碳(SOC)、char-EC和soot-EC的质量浓度。结果显示:采样期间PM2.5、OC、EC、SOC、char-EC、soot-EC夏季平均浓度分别为(58.87±20.04)、(11.37±4.12)、(3.68±1.27)、(4.37±2.86)、(3.00±1.24)和(0.68±0.30)μg/m3;冬季平均浓度分别为(142.31±45.47)、(16.01±4.43)、(5.53±2.36)、(5.67±2.92)、(5.11±2.35)和(0.42±0.17)μg/m3,除soot-EC外,均呈现夏季低、冬季高的特点。在不同空气质量下,OC、EC和char-EC的质量浓度具有明显差异,且三者均与能见度、平均风速呈显著负相关。夏冬两季soot-EC、char-EC、SOC和POC占TC的百分含量相差不大,其中POC/TC值最高,soot-EC/TC值最低。夏季SOC/TC的比值高于冬季,可能由于气温高有利于发生光化学反应。对8个碳组分进行主成分分析,结果显示,燃煤、生物质燃烧、汽油和柴油车排放对PM2.5中碳组分的贡献显著,并且可能受燃煤和汽油车排放的影响最大。
Ambient PM2.5samples were collected in July 2009 and January 2010 at the site of East China University of Science and Technology in Shanghai. The concentrations of organic carbon(OC)and elemental carbon(EC)in PM2.5samples were detected by thermal/optical carbon analyzer. The concentrations of secondary organic carbon(SOC),char-EC and soot-EC were also calculated. Results indicated that average mass concentrations of PM2.5,OC,EC,SOC,char-EC and soot-EC in summer were(58.87 ±20.04),(11.37 ±4.12),(3.68 ±1.27),(4.37 ±2.86),(3.00 ±1.24) and(0.68 ±0.30) μg/m3 respectively,while average mass concentrations of these components in winter were(142.31 ±45.47),(16.01 ±4.43),(5.53±2.36),(5.67±2.92),(5.11±2.35)and(0.42±0.17)μg/m3 respectively. The concentrations of the above components except soot-EC were lower in summer and higher in winter. Under different air quality,mass concentrations of OC,EC and char-EC were obviously different,and they showed negative correlation with visibility and wind speed. The percentage of soot-EC,char-EC,SOC and POC in TC did not show significant difference between summer and winter,with POC/TC ratio as the highest and soot-EC/TC ratio as the lowest. SOC/TC ratio was higher in summer but lower in winter,due to high temperature which probably promote photochemical reaction. Principal component analysis on 8 carbon actions showed that coal combustion,biomass burning,gasoline and diesel exhaust were the major sources of carbon components in PM2.5,and coal combustion and gasoline exhaust were two of the most important factors.
Ambient PM2.5samples were collected in July 2009 and January 2010 at the site of East China University of Science and Technology in Shanghai. The concentrations of organic carbon(OC)and elemental carbon(EC)in PM2.5samples were detected by thermal/optical carbon analyzer. The concentrations of secondary organic carbon(SOC),char-EC and soot-EC were also calculated. Results indicated that average mass concentrations of PM2.5,OC,EC,SOC,char-EC and soot-EC in summer were(58.87 ±20.04),(11.37 ±4.12),(3.68 ±1.27),(4.37 ±2.86),(3.00 ±1.24) and(0.68 ±0.30) μg/m3 respectively,while average mass concentrations of these components in winter were(142.31 ±45.47),(16.01 ±4.43),(5.53±2.36),(5.67±2.92),(5.11±2.35)and(0.42±0.17)μg/m3 respectively. The concentrations of the above components except soot-EC were lower in summer and higher in winter. Under different air quality,mass concentrations of OC,EC and char-EC were obviously different,and they showed negative correlation with visibility and wind speed. The percentage of soot-EC,char-EC,SOC and POC in TC did not show significant difference between summer and winter,with POC/TC ratio as the highest and soot-EC/TC ratio as the lowest. SOC/TC ratio was higher in summer but lower in winter,due to high temperature which probably promote photochemical reaction. Principal component analysis on 8 carbon actions showed that coal combustion,biomass burning,gasoline and diesel exhaust were the major sources of carbon components in PM2.5,and coal combustion and gasoline exhaust were two of the most important factors.
引文
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[2]Zhang R,Ho K F,Cao J,et al.Organic carbon and elemental carbon associated with PM10in Beijing during spring time[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,172(2/3):970-977.
[3]Pathak R K,Wang T,Ho K F,et al.Characteristics of summertime PM2.5organic and elemental carbon in four major Chinese cities:implications of high acidity for water-soluble organic carbon(WSOC)[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(2):318-325.
[4]Cao J,Lee S,Ho K,et al.Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in Pearl River Delta region,China during 2001 winter period[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(11):1451-1460.
[5]Benjamin G,Helene C.Characteristics of carbonaceous particles in Beijing during winter and summer 2003[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2006,23(3):468-473.
[6]Han Y M,Lee S C,Cao J J,et al.Spatial distribution and seasonal variation of char-EC and soot-EC in the atmosphere over China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(38):6066-6073.
[7]王东方,高松,段玉森,等.上海中心城区冬季PM2.5中有机碳和元素碳组成变化特征[J].环境科学与技术,2012,35(7):55-58.Wang Dongfang,Gao Song,Duan Yusen,et al.Characteristics of organic carbon and elemental carbon in PM2.5at urban centre of Shanghai in winter[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,35(7):55-58.(in Chinese)
[8]丁晴,刘建国,陆亦怀,等.广州亚运期间鹤山大气颗粒物及碳组分的分析[J].环境科学与技术,2012,35(7):43-49.Ding Qing,Liu Jianguo,Lu Yihuai,et al.Measurement and analysis of particulate matter and carbonaceous aerosol in Heshan during Guangzhou Asian Games[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,35(7):43-49.(in Chinese)
[9]吴琳,冯银厂,戴莉,等.天津市大气中PM10、PM2.5及其碳组分污染特征分析[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(11):1134-1139.Wu Lin,Feng Yinchang,Dai Li,et al.Characteristics of PM10,PM2.5and their carbonaceous species in Tianjin[J].China Environmental Science,2009,29(11):1134-1139.(in Chinese)
[10]王杨君,董亚萍,冯加良,等.上海市PM2.5中含碳物质的特征和影响因素分析[J].环境科学,2010,31(8):1755-1761.Wang Yangjun,Dong Yaping,Feng Jialiang,et al.Characteristics and influencing factors of carbonaceous aerosols in PM2.5in Shanghai,China[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(8):1755-1761.(in Chinese)
[11]黄虹,李顺诚,曹军骥,等.广州市夏季室内外PM2.5中有机碳、元素碳的分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(9):1242-1249.Huang Hong,Lee Shuncheng,Cao Junji,et al.Characterization of indoor/outdoor organic and elemental carbon in PM2.5during summer in Guangzhou[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2005,25(9):1242-1249.(in Chinese)
[12]Gnauk T,Müller K,Van Pinxteren D,et al.Size-segregated particulate chemical composition in Xinken,Pearl River Delta,China:OC/EC and organic compounds[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(25):6296-6309.
[13]陶俊,柴发合,朱李华,等.2009年春季成都城区碳气溶胶污染特征及其来源初探[J].环境科学学报,2011,31(12):2756-2761.Tao Jun,Chai Fahe,Zhu Lihua,et al.Characteristics and sources of carbonaceous aerosol in the urban Chengdu during spring of 2009[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2011,31(12):2756-2761.(in Chinese)
[14]Zappoli S,Andracchio A,Fuzzi S,et al.Inorganic,organic and macromolecular components of fine aerosol in different areas of Europe in relation to their water solubility[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(17):2733-2743.
[15]霍宗权,沈振兴,田晶,等.西安市大气PM10中水溶性有机碳的季节变化及来源分析[J].西安交通大学学报,2010,44(9):128-132.Huo Zongquan,Shen Zhenxing,Tian Jing,et al.Seasonal variation and source identification of water-soluble organic carbon in PM10over Xi’an,China[J].Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University,2010,44(9):128-132.(in Chinese)
[16]Chow J C,Watson J G,Lu Z,et al.Descriptive analysis of PM2.5and PM10at regionally representative locations during Sjvaqs/Auspex[J].Atmospheric Environment,1996,30(12):2079-2112.
[17]黄虹,曹军骥,曾宝强,等.广州大气细粒子中有机碳、元素碳和水溶性有机碳的分布特征[J].分析科学学报,2010,26(3):255-260.Huang Hong,Cao Junji,Tsang Pokeung,et al.Characterization of organic carbon,elemental carbon and water-soluble carbon in PM2.5of Guangzhou City[J].Journal of Analytical Science,2010,26(3):255-260.(in Chinese)
[18]李建军,沈振兴,同帜,等.西安冬春季PM10中碳气溶胶的昼夜变化特征[J].环境科学,2009,30(5):1506-1513.Li Jianjun,Shen Zhenxing,Tong Zhi,et al.Day-night variation of carbonaceous aerosols in PM10during winter and spring over Xi’an[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(5):1506-1513.(in Chinese)
[19]Cao J,Wu F,Chow J,et al.Characterization and source apportionment of atmospheric organic and elemental carbon during fall and winter of 2003 in Xi’an,China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2005,5:3127-3137.
[20]Novakov T,Andreae M,Gabriel R,et al.Origin of carbonaceous aerosols over the tropical Indian Ocean:biomass burning or fossil fuels[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2000,27(24):4061-4064.
[21]Han Y M,Han Z W,Cao J J,et al.Distribution and origin of carbonaceous aerosol over a rural high-mountain lake area,northern China and its transport significance[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(10):2405-2414.
[22]Cachier H,Brémond M-P,Buat-Ménard P.Carbonaceous aerosols from different tropical biomass burning sources[J].Nature,1989,340:371-373.
[23]Watson J G,Chow J C,Houck J E.PM2.5chemical source profiles for vehicle exhaust,vegetative burning,geological material and coal burning in northwestern Colorado during1995[J].Chemosphere,2001,43(8):1141-1451.
[24]沈振兴,韩月梅,周娟,等.西安冬季大气亚微米颗粒物的化学特征及来源解析[J].西安交通大学学报,2008,42(11):1418-1423.Shen Zhenxing,Han Yuemei,Zhou Juan,et al.Chemical composition and source identification of submicron particles over Xi’an during winter[J].Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University,2008,42(11):1418-1423.(in Chinese)