全球-地方出口溢出效应对新企业进入出口市场的影响
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摘要
出口增长是驱动中国经济发展的关键力量,新出口企业进入是出口增长的微观体现。新贸易理论认为集聚外部性带来的知识溢出是影响企业出口决策的关键因素。出口地、目的国维度的知识溢出均有利于企业获取必要的出口知识,降低进入出口市场的难度。演化经济地理理论强调认知邻近是出口溢出发挥作用的前提,出口地、目的国维度的出口经验、产品关联是出口溢出的主要内容。论文利用2002—2011年中国海关贸易数据库,分析出口地、目的国溢出对新企业进入出口市场的作用。结果发现:①出口溢出可以显著提升新出口企业进入概率,私营企业更倾向于进入出口溢出更强的出口地、目的国市场;②出口溢出对跟随型企业,特别是本土跟随型企业进入的促进作用更强,国有集体企业更强调整体出口经验溢出,私营企业更强调产品知识溢出;③出口地溢出有利于新出口企业拓展到新目的国,目的国溢出有利于新出口企业拓展到新产品。论文完善了出口企业空间动态研究,拓展了出口溢出对出口决策作用的空间维度,也有助于深化对中国贸易空间的理解。
Export growth is a key driver for China's economic development. The entry of new export firms is an important indicator of export growth. The New Trade Theory believes that knowledge spillover brought about by agglomeration externalities is a crucial factor affecting the exporting decision making of firms. Global and local knowledge spillovers encourage firms to acquire necessary export knowledge and thus reduce their difficulty of entering export markets. Theories of evolutionary economic geography emphasize that cognitive proximity is the prerequisite for the validity of export spillovers. Global and local export experience and product proximity are the main contents of export spillovers. This study used China Customs Trade Data from 2002 to 2011 to analyze the impact of export spillovers on the entry of new firms into the export market. The results show that export spillovers can significantly increase the probability of new exporters entering the export market. Private firms are more likely to enter markets with stronger spillovers. Besides, export spillovers have a stronger role in promoting the entry of follower firms, especially domestic firms. State-owned collective enterprises emphasize the overflow of overall export experience, and private companies place more emphasis on product knowledge spillovers. Local spillovers are beneficial for the expansion of new exporting firms to new destination countries,while global spillovers are useful for new exporters expanding into new product areas. This study improved the research on the spatial dynamics of export firms, expanded the spatial dimension in which export spillovers affect export decisions, and helped deepen the understanding of China's trade market.
Export growth is a key driver for China's economic development. The entry of new export firms is an important indicator of export growth. The New Trade Theory believes that knowledge spillover brought about by agglomeration externalities is a crucial factor affecting the exporting decision making of firms. Global and local knowledge spillovers encourage firms to acquire necessary export knowledge and thus reduce their difficulty of entering export markets. Theories of evolutionary economic geography emphasize that cognitive proximity is the prerequisite for the validity of export spillovers. Global and local export experience and product proximity are the main contents of export spillovers. This study used China Customs Trade Data from 2002 to 2011 to analyze the impact of export spillovers on the entry of new firms into the export market. The results show that export spillovers can significantly increase the probability of new exporters entering the export market. Private firms are more likely to enter markets with stronger spillovers. Besides, export spillovers have a stronger role in promoting the entry of follower firms, especially domestic firms. State-owned collective enterprises emphasize the overflow of overall export experience, and private companies place more emphasis on product knowledge spillovers. Local spillovers are beneficial for the expansion of new exporting firms to new destination countries,while global spillovers are useful for new exporters expanding into new product areas. This study improved the research on the spatial dynamics of export firms, expanded the spatial dimension in which export spillovers affect export decisions, and helped deepen the understanding of China's trade market.
引文
郭琪.2016.中国制造业出口多样化及其空间动态演化研究[D].北京:北京大学.[Guo Q.2016.Export diversification and its spatial evolution in Chinese manufacturing sectors.Beijing,China:Peking University.]
贺灿飞,董瑶,周沂.2016.中国对外贸易产品空间路径演化[J].地理学报,71(6):970-983.[He C,Dong Y,Zhou Y.2016.Evolution of export product space in China:Path-dependent or path-breaking?Acta Geographica Sinica,71(6):970-983.]
韦伯.1997.工业区位论[M].李刚剑,等,译.北京:商务印书馆.[Weber A.et al.1997.Theory of the location of industries.Tranlated by Li G J,et al.Beijing,China:The Commercial Press.]
Ahn J,Khandelwal A K,Wei S J.2011.The role of intermediaries in facilitating trade[J].Journal of International Economics,84(1):73-85.
Aitken B J,Hanson G H,Harrison A E.1997.Spillovers,foreign investment,and export behavior[J].Journal of International Economics,43(1):103-132.
Baldwin R E,Rieder R.2007.A test of endogenous trade bloc formation theory on EU data[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,11(2):77-112.
Bathelt H,Malmberg A,Maskell P.2004.Clusters and knowledge:Local buzz,global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation[J].Progress in Human Geography,28(1):31-56.
Bathelt H,Schuldt N.2010.International trade fairs and global buzz,part I:Ecology of global buzz[J].European Planning Studies,18(12):1957-1974.
Bernard A B,Jensen J B.2004.Entry,expansion,and intensity in the US export boom,1987-1992[J].Review of International Economics,12(4):662-675.
Boschma R A.2005.Proximity and innovation:A critical assessment[J].Regional Studies,39:61-74.
Boschma R A,Iammarino S.2009.Related variety,trade linkages,and regional growth in Italy[J].Economic Geography,85(3):289-311.
Boschma R A,Minondo A,Navarro M.2012.Related variety and regional growth in Spain[J].Papers in Regional Science,91(2):241-256.
Boschma R A,Wenting R.2007.The spatial evolution of the British automobile industry:Does location matter?[J].Industrial and Corporate Change,16(2):213-238.
Chaney T.2014.The network structure of international trade[J].American Economic Review,104(11):3600-3634.
Dosi G.1997.Opportunities,incentives and the collective patterns of technological change[J].The Economic Journal,107:1530-1547.
Gertler M S.1995."Being there":proximity,organization,and culture in the development and adoption of advanced manufacturing technologies[J].Economic Geography,71(1):1-26.
Grabher G.2002.Cool projects,boring institutions:Temporary collaboration in social context[J].Regional Studies,36(3):205-214.
Hidalgo C A,Klinger B,Barabasi A L,et al.2007.The product space and its consequences for economic growth[J].Science,317:482-487.
Jacobs J.1969.The economy of cities[M].New York,NY:Random House.
Koenig P.2009.Agglomeration and the export decisions of French firms[J].Journal of Urban Economics,66(3):186-195.
Koenig P,Mayneris F,Poncet S.2010.Local export spillovers in France[J].European Economic Review,54(4):622-641.
Krugman P.1979.Increasing returns,monopolistic competition and international trade[J].Journal of International Economics,9(4):469-479.
Malecki E J.2010.Global knowledge and creativity:New challenges for firms and regions[J].Regional Studies,44(8):1033-1052.
Malmberg A,Lundequist P.2000.Agglomeration and firm performance:Economies of scale,localisation,and urbanisation among Swedish export firms[J].Environment and Planning A,32(2):305-322.
Manova K,Zhang Z.2012.Export prices across firms and destinations[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,127(1):379-436.
Marshall A.1920.Principles of economics[M].London,UK:Macmillan.
Martin R.2010.Roepke lecture in economic geography-rethinking regional path dependence:Beyond lock-in to evolution[J].Economic Geography,86:1-27.
Maskell P,Malmberg A.2007.Myopia,knowledge development and cluster evolution[J].Journal of Economic Geography,7(5):603-618.
Melitz M J.2003.The impact of trade on intra-industry reallocations and aggregate industry productivity[J].Econometrica,71(6):1695-1725.
Nooteboom B.2001.Learning and innovation in organizations and economies[M].Oxford,UK:Oxford University Press.
Ottaviano G,Tabuchi T,Thisse J F.2002.Agglomeration and trade revisited[J].International Economic Review,43(2):409-435.
Poncet S.2013.Export upgrading and growth:The prerequisite of domestic embeddedness[J].World Development,51(5):104-118.
Rinallo D,Borghini S,Golfetto F.2010.Exploring visitor experiences at trade shows[J].Journal of Business&Industrial Marketing,25(4):249-258.
Timmermans B,Boschma R.2014.The effect of intra-and inter-regional labour mobility on plant performance in Denmark:The significance of related labour inflows[J].Journal of Economic Geography,14(2):289-311.
Torre A.2008.On the role played by temporary geographical proximity in knowledge transmission[J].Regional Studies,42(6):869-889.
(1)由于企业的进入(退出)的识别,需要连续2 a的信息,因此本文最终以2002—2010年企业的进入(退出)情况作为样本分析。
(2)https://unstats.un.org/unsd/trade/classifications/correspondence-tables.asp。
(3)主要回归结果指表1至表3中不区分所有制的3个主回归,其中,模型13对应模型1,模型14对应模型5,模型15对应模型9。
贺灿飞,董瑶,周沂.2016.中国对外贸易产品空间路径演化[J].地理学报,71(6):970-983.[He C,Dong Y,Zhou Y.2016.Evolution of export product space in China:Path-dependent or path-breaking?Acta Geographica Sinica,71(6):970-983.]
韦伯.1997.工业区位论[M].李刚剑,等,译.北京:商务印书馆.[Weber A.et al.1997.Theory of the location of industries.Tranlated by Li G J,et al.Beijing,China:The Commercial Press.]
Ahn J,Khandelwal A K,Wei S J.2011.The role of intermediaries in facilitating trade[J].Journal of International Economics,84(1):73-85.
Aitken B J,Hanson G H,Harrison A E.1997.Spillovers,foreign investment,and export behavior[J].Journal of International Economics,43(1):103-132.
Baldwin R E,Rieder R.2007.A test of endogenous trade bloc formation theory on EU data[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,11(2):77-112.
Bathelt H,Malmberg A,Maskell P.2004.Clusters and knowledge:Local buzz,global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation[J].Progress in Human Geography,28(1):31-56.
Bathelt H,Schuldt N.2010.International trade fairs and global buzz,part I:Ecology of global buzz[J].European Planning Studies,18(12):1957-1974.
Bernard A B,Jensen J B.2004.Entry,expansion,and intensity in the US export boom,1987-1992[J].Review of International Economics,12(4):662-675.
Boschma R A.2005.Proximity and innovation:A critical assessment[J].Regional Studies,39:61-74.
Boschma R A,Iammarino S.2009.Related variety,trade linkages,and regional growth in Italy[J].Economic Geography,85(3):289-311.
Boschma R A,Minondo A,Navarro M.2012.Related variety and regional growth in Spain[J].Papers in Regional Science,91(2):241-256.
Boschma R A,Wenting R.2007.The spatial evolution of the British automobile industry:Does location matter?[J].Industrial and Corporate Change,16(2):213-238.
Chaney T.2014.The network structure of international trade[J].American Economic Review,104(11):3600-3634.
Dosi G.1997.Opportunities,incentives and the collective patterns of technological change[J].The Economic Journal,107:1530-1547.
Gertler M S.1995."Being there":proximity,organization,and culture in the development and adoption of advanced manufacturing technologies[J].Economic Geography,71(1):1-26.
Grabher G.2002.Cool projects,boring institutions:Temporary collaboration in social context[J].Regional Studies,36(3):205-214.
Hidalgo C A,Klinger B,Barabasi A L,et al.2007.The product space and its consequences for economic growth[J].Science,317:482-487.
Jacobs J.1969.The economy of cities[M].New York,NY:Random House.
Koenig P.2009.Agglomeration and the export decisions of French firms[J].Journal of Urban Economics,66(3):186-195.
Koenig P,Mayneris F,Poncet S.2010.Local export spillovers in France[J].European Economic Review,54(4):622-641.
Krugman P.1979.Increasing returns,monopolistic competition and international trade[J].Journal of International Economics,9(4):469-479.
Malecki E J.2010.Global knowledge and creativity:New challenges for firms and regions[J].Regional Studies,44(8):1033-1052.
Malmberg A,Lundequist P.2000.Agglomeration and firm performance:Economies of scale,localisation,and urbanisation among Swedish export firms[J].Environment and Planning A,32(2):305-322.
Manova K,Zhang Z.2012.Export prices across firms and destinations[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,127(1):379-436.
Marshall A.1920.Principles of economics[M].London,UK:Macmillan.
Martin R.2010.Roepke lecture in economic geography-rethinking regional path dependence:Beyond lock-in to evolution[J].Economic Geography,86:1-27.
Maskell P,Malmberg A.2007.Myopia,knowledge development and cluster evolution[J].Journal of Economic Geography,7(5):603-618.
Melitz M J.2003.The impact of trade on intra-industry reallocations and aggregate industry productivity[J].Econometrica,71(6):1695-1725.
Nooteboom B.2001.Learning and innovation in organizations and economies[M].Oxford,UK:Oxford University Press.
Ottaviano G,Tabuchi T,Thisse J F.2002.Agglomeration and trade revisited[J].International Economic Review,43(2):409-435.
Poncet S.2013.Export upgrading and growth:The prerequisite of domestic embeddedness[J].World Development,51(5):104-118.
Rinallo D,Borghini S,Golfetto F.2010.Exploring visitor experiences at trade shows[J].Journal of Business&Industrial Marketing,25(4):249-258.
Timmermans B,Boschma R.2014.The effect of intra-and inter-regional labour mobility on plant performance in Denmark:The significance of related labour inflows[J].Journal of Economic Geography,14(2):289-311.
Torre A.2008.On the role played by temporary geographical proximity in knowledge transmission[J].Regional Studies,42(6):869-889.
(1)由于企业的进入(退出)的识别,需要连续2 a的信息,因此本文最终以2002—2010年企业的进入(退出)情况作为样本分析。
(2)https://unstats.un.org/unsd/trade/classifications/correspondence-tables.asp。
(3)主要回归结果指表1至表3中不区分所有制的3个主回归,其中,模型13对应模型1,模型14对应模型5,模型15对应模型9。