留膜留茬免耕栽培对旱地春玉米耗水特性、产量及品质的影响
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摘要
通过大田试验研究了全膜双垄沟播栽培(T1)、留膜留茬免耕栽培(T2)、露地沟播栽培(T3)、露地不施肥沟播栽培(CK) 4种栽培模式对旱地春玉米耗水特征、产量、水分效应及籽粒品质的影响。结果表明:T2较T1、T3、CK播前0～2 m和0～3 m土层分别多贮水26.6 mm、63.3 mm、55.4 mm和27.4 mm、57.8 mm、59.4mm; 0～2 m土层耗水量分别增加了5.2%、17.9%、15.7%,且耗水量随播前底墒增加而增加。T1、T2产量和水分利用效率均与CK差异极显著,而T1、T2间产量和水分利用效率差异均不显著。产量构成中穗粒数及百粒重以T1最高,其次为T2。玉米收获期单株总干物质质量、茎鞘和叶片干物质输出率和贡献率、收获指数均为T1>T2>T3>CK。不同栽培模式籽粒粗蛋白含量极显著高于CK,增幅为23.0%～27.4%,粗脂肪含量均低于CK,降低幅度为11.7%～13.9%。旱地留膜留茬免耕栽培休闲期蓄积的水分能保证特殊降雨年份玉米生长发育对水分的需求,实现旱地春玉米高产优质与水分高效,并在特殊降雨年份起到防灾减灾作用。
Through field experiments,this paper explored the effects of four cultivation types on water consumption,yield,water effects,grain quality of spring maize in dry croplands,the four cultivation types were: plastic-covered ridge and furrow planting( T1); no-tillage plastic and stubble with residues( T2); open field fertilization and furrow sowing cultivation( T3); control without fertilization,banding sowing cultivation( CK). The results showed that the water storage in the 0 ～ 2 m and 0 ～ 3 m soil layers before sowing of T2 increased by 26.6 mm,63.3 mm,55.4 mm and 27.4 mm,57.8 mm,59.4 mm compared with T1,T3 and CK,respectively; the water consumption in 0 ～ 2 m soil layers increased by 5. 2%,17. 9% and 15. 7%,respectively,and it increased with the increase of basic soil moisture content before sowing. The yield and water use efficiency of T1 and T2 were significantly different from that of CK; however,there were no significant differences in productivity and water use efficiency between T1 and T2. The grains per ear and 100 grain weight of the yield component were highest in treatment T1,followed by T2. The total dry matter,the dry matter output ratio and the contribution ratio of maize stem and leaf and the harvest index were performed as T1>T2 > T3 > CK. The crude protein content of grains was significantly higher than CK,increasing by23.0% to 27.4%,and the crude fat content was lower than CK,decreasing by 11.7% to 13.9%. The results showed that film mulching,remaining stubble,no-tillage and direct sowing cultivation type could ensure the water demand of corn growth in special rainfall year through the accumulation of moisture during fallow period in dry croplands,and could achieve high yield and high water use efficiency of spring maize in dry croplands,and could prevent and mitigate climatic disasters in the special rainfall year.
Through field experiments,this paper explored the effects of four cultivation types on water consumption,yield,water effects,grain quality of spring maize in dry croplands,the four cultivation types were: plastic-covered ridge and furrow planting( T1); no-tillage plastic and stubble with residues( T2); open field fertilization and furrow sowing cultivation( T3); control without fertilization,banding sowing cultivation( CK). The results showed that the water storage in the 0 ～ 2 m and 0 ～ 3 m soil layers before sowing of T2 increased by 26.6 mm,63.3 mm,55.4 mm and 27.4 mm,57.8 mm,59.4 mm compared with T1,T3 and CK,respectively; the water consumption in 0 ～ 2 m soil layers increased by 5. 2%,17. 9% and 15. 7%,respectively,and it increased with the increase of basic soil moisture content before sowing. The yield and water use efficiency of T1 and T2 were significantly different from that of CK; however,there were no significant differences in productivity and water use efficiency between T1 and T2. The grains per ear and 100 grain weight of the yield component were highest in treatment T1,followed by T2. The total dry matter,the dry matter output ratio and the contribution ratio of maize stem and leaf and the harvest index were performed as T1>T2 > T3 > CK. The crude protein content of grains was significantly higher than CK,increasing by23.0% to 27.4%,and the crude fat content was lower than CK,decreasing by 11.7% to 13.9%. The results showed that film mulching,remaining stubble,no-tillage and direct sowing cultivation type could ensure the water demand of corn growth in special rainfall year through the accumulation of moisture during fallow period in dry croplands,and could achieve high yield and high water use efficiency of spring maize in dry croplands,and could prevent and mitigate climatic disasters in the special rainfall year.
引文
[1]李建奇.覆膜对春玉米土壤温度、水分的影响机理研究[J].耕作与栽培,2006(5):47-50.
[2] Liu E K,Yan C R,Mei X R,et al.. Long-term effect of chemical fertilizer,straw,and manure on soil chemical and biological properties in northwest China[J]. Geoderma,2010,158:173-180.
[3]严昌荣,何文清,梅旭荣,等.农用地膜的应用与污染防治[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.
[4]赵财,柴强,冯福学,等.不同灌水水平下一膜两年覆盖间作农田耗水特征及经济效益研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(6):744-752.Zhao C, Chai Q, Feng F X, et al.. Characteristics and economic benefits of water consumption in intercropping fields with one plastic film mulching for 2 years and different irrigation levels[J]. Chin. J. Eco-Agric.,2016,24(6):744-752.
[5]张建军,郭天文,樊廷录,等.农用地膜残留对玉米生长发育及土壤水分运移的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2014,33(1):100-102.Zhang J J,Guo T W,Fan T L,et al.. The effect of the agricultural residual plastics film on maize growth and development and soil moisture movement[J]. J. Irrig. Drain.,2014,33(1):100-102.
[6]张军钱.旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米适宜覆膜时间研究[J].水土保持通报,2009,29(4):220-223Zhang J Q. Best covering time of whole plastic-film mulching in corn planting with double ridges and furrows on dryland[J].Bull. Soil Water Conserv.,2009,29(4):220-223.
[7]杨海迪,海江波,贾志宽,等.不同地膜周年覆盖对冬小麦土壤水分及利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(2):27-34.Yang H D, Hai J B, Jia Z K, et al.. Effect of different plastics-film mulching in the whole growth period on soil moisture and water use efficiency of winter wheat[J]. Agric.Res. Arid Areas,2011,29(2):27-34.
[8]余海英,彭文英,马秀,等.免耕对北方旱作玉米土壤水分及物理性质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(1):99-104.Yu H Y,Peng W Y,Ma X,et al.. Effects of no-tillage on soil water content and physical properties of spring corn fields in semi arid region of northern China[J]. Chin. J. Appl. Ecol.,2011,22(1):99-104.
[9]李玲玲,黄高宝,张仁陟,等.免耕秸秆覆盖对旱作农田土壤水分的影响[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(5):96-98.Li L L,Huang G B,Zhang R Z,et al.. Effects of no-tillage with stubble retention on soil water regimes in rainfed areas[J]. J. Soil Water Conserv.,2005,19(5):96-98.
[10]严昌荣,刘恩科,舒帆,等.我国地膜覆盖和残留污染特点与防控技术[J].农业资源与环境学报,2014,31(2):95-102.Yan C R,Liu E K,Shu F,et al.. Review of agricultural plastic mulching and its residual pollution and prevention measures in China[J]. J. Agric. Res. Environ.,2014,31(2):95-102.
[11]严昌荣,梅旭荣,何文清,等.农用地膜残留污染的现状与治理[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(11):269-272.Yan C R,Mei X R,He W Q,et al.. Present situation of residue pollution of mulching plastic film and controlling measures[J]. Transact. CSAE,2006,22(11):269-272.
[12]樊向阳,齐学斌,郎旭东,等.不同覆盖条件下春玉米田耗水特征及提高水分利用率研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2002,20(2):60-64.Fan X Y,Qi X B,Lang X D,et al.. A study on characteristics of water consumption and ways of raising water use efficiency for spring maize under different mulching[J]. Agric. Res. Arid Areas,2002,20(2):60-64.
[13]张建军,樊廷录,赵刚,等.旱地玉米留膜留茬免耕栽培的土壤水热及产量效应[J].核农学报,2016,30(11):2274-2281.Zhang J J,Fan T L,Zhao G,et al.. Effects of no-tillage cultivation reserved plastic films and stubbles on soil moisture temperature and yield of dryland maize[J]. J. Nucl. Agric.Sci.,2016,30(11):2274-2281.
[14] Wang X B,Dai K,Zhang D C,et al.. Dryland maize hybrids and water use efficiency in response to tillage/crop stubble and nutrient management practices in China[J]. Field Crops Res.,2011,120:47-57.
[15]彭文英.免耕措施对土壤水分及利用效率的影响[J].土壤通报,2007,38(2):379-383.Peng W Y. Effect of no-tillage on soil water regime and water use efficiency[J]. Chin. J. Soil Sci.,2007,38(2):379-383.
[16] Arshad M A,Franzluebbers A J,Azooz R H. Components of surface soil structure under conventional and no-tillage in northwestern Canada[J]. Soil Tillage Res.,1999,53(1):41-47.
[17]王华,张树海,杨国恒,等.玉米全膜双垄覆盖“一膜两季”模式效应研究[J].宁夏农林科技,2013,54(6):136-139,151.Wang H,Zhang S H,Yang G H,et al.. A study of effect of“a film two season”mode for corn of double ridge whole-mulching[J]. Ningxia J. Agric. Foresry Sci. Technol.,2013,54(6):136-139,151.
[18]朱元刚,董树亭,张吉旺,等.种植方式对夏玉米光合生产特征和光温资源利用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(6):1417-1424.Zhu Y G,Dong S T,Zhang J W,et al.. Effects of cropping patterns on photosynthesis characteristics of summer maize and its utilization of solar and heat resource[J]. Chin. J. Appl.Ecol.,2010,21(6):1417-1424.
[19]代快,蔡典雄,张晓明,等.不同耕作模式下旱作玉米氮磷肥产量效应及水分利用效率[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(2):74-82.Dai K,Cai D X,Zhang X M,et al.. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on dry farming spring corn yield and water use efficiency under different tillage practices[J]. Transact.CSAE,2011,27(2):74-82.
[20]尚金霞,李军,贾志宽,等.渭北旱塬春玉米田保护性耕作蓄水保墒效果与增产增收效应[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(13):2668-2678.Shang J X,Li J,Jia Z K,et al.. Soil water conservation effect,yield and income increments of conservation tillage measures in spring maize field on Weibei Highland[J]. Sci. Agric. Sin.,2010,43(13):2668-2678.
[21]张立健,李玲玲,谢军红,等.不同耕作措施对粮饲兼用玉米产量形成的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2015,50(2):46-52.Zhang L J,Li L L,Xie J H,et al.. Effects of different tillage measures on formation of grain and forage maize yield[J]. J.Gansu Agric. Univ.,2015,50(2):46-52.
[22]柏炜霞,李军,王玉玲,等.渭北旱塬小麦玉米轮作区不同耕作方式对土壤水分和作物产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(5):880-894.Bo W X,Li J,Wang Y L,et al.. Effects of different tillage methods on soil water and crop yield of winter wheat-spring maize rotation region in Weibei Highland[J]. Sci. Agric. Sin.,2014,47(5):880-894.
[23]李建奇.地膜覆盖对春玉米产量、品质的影响机理研究[J].玉米科学,2008,16(5):87-92,97.Li J Q. The mechanism study of the influences of plastics film mulch on grain yield and seed quality of spring maize[J]. J.Maize Sci.,2008,16(5):87-92,97.
[24]马青枝,赵利梅,赵继文,等.地膜覆盖对春玉米籽粒建成和品质形成影响的研究[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2000,21(增刊):21-25.Ma Q Z,Zhao L M,Zhao J W,et al.. Study of the effect of film-covered spring maize on seed and quality formative law[J]. J. Inner Mongolia Agric. Univ.,2000,21(S):21-25.
[25]杨恩琼,黄建国,何腾兵,等.氮肥用量对普通玉米产量和营养品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(3):509-513.Yang E Q,Huang J G,He T B,et al.. Effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield and nutritional qualities of food maize[J].Plant Nutr. Fertil. Sci.,2009,15(3):509-513.
[2] Liu E K,Yan C R,Mei X R,et al.. Long-term effect of chemical fertilizer,straw,and manure on soil chemical and biological properties in northwest China[J]. Geoderma,2010,158:173-180.
[3]严昌荣,何文清,梅旭荣,等.农用地膜的应用与污染防治[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.
[4]赵财,柴强,冯福学,等.不同灌水水平下一膜两年覆盖间作农田耗水特征及经济效益研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(6):744-752.Zhao C, Chai Q, Feng F X, et al.. Characteristics and economic benefits of water consumption in intercropping fields with one plastic film mulching for 2 years and different irrigation levels[J]. Chin. J. Eco-Agric.,2016,24(6):744-752.
[5]张建军,郭天文,樊廷录,等.农用地膜残留对玉米生长发育及土壤水分运移的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2014,33(1):100-102.Zhang J J,Guo T W,Fan T L,et al.. The effect of the agricultural residual plastics film on maize growth and development and soil moisture movement[J]. J. Irrig. Drain.,2014,33(1):100-102.
[6]张军钱.旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米适宜覆膜时间研究[J].水土保持通报,2009,29(4):220-223Zhang J Q. Best covering time of whole plastic-film mulching in corn planting with double ridges and furrows on dryland[J].Bull. Soil Water Conserv.,2009,29(4):220-223.
[7]杨海迪,海江波,贾志宽,等.不同地膜周年覆盖对冬小麦土壤水分及利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(2):27-34.Yang H D, Hai J B, Jia Z K, et al.. Effect of different plastics-film mulching in the whole growth period on soil moisture and water use efficiency of winter wheat[J]. Agric.Res. Arid Areas,2011,29(2):27-34.
[8]余海英,彭文英,马秀,等.免耕对北方旱作玉米土壤水分及物理性质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(1):99-104.Yu H Y,Peng W Y,Ma X,et al.. Effects of no-tillage on soil water content and physical properties of spring corn fields in semi arid region of northern China[J]. Chin. J. Appl. Ecol.,2011,22(1):99-104.
[9]李玲玲,黄高宝,张仁陟,等.免耕秸秆覆盖对旱作农田土壤水分的影响[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(5):96-98.Li L L,Huang G B,Zhang R Z,et al.. Effects of no-tillage with stubble retention on soil water regimes in rainfed areas[J]. J. Soil Water Conserv.,2005,19(5):96-98.
[10]严昌荣,刘恩科,舒帆,等.我国地膜覆盖和残留污染特点与防控技术[J].农业资源与环境学报,2014,31(2):95-102.Yan C R,Liu E K,Shu F,et al.. Review of agricultural plastic mulching and its residual pollution and prevention measures in China[J]. J. Agric. Res. Environ.,2014,31(2):95-102.
[11]严昌荣,梅旭荣,何文清,等.农用地膜残留污染的现状与治理[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(11):269-272.Yan C R,Mei X R,He W Q,et al.. Present situation of residue pollution of mulching plastic film and controlling measures[J]. Transact. CSAE,2006,22(11):269-272.
[12]樊向阳,齐学斌,郎旭东,等.不同覆盖条件下春玉米田耗水特征及提高水分利用率研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2002,20(2):60-64.Fan X Y,Qi X B,Lang X D,et al.. A study on characteristics of water consumption and ways of raising water use efficiency for spring maize under different mulching[J]. Agric. Res. Arid Areas,2002,20(2):60-64.
[13]张建军,樊廷录,赵刚,等.旱地玉米留膜留茬免耕栽培的土壤水热及产量效应[J].核农学报,2016,30(11):2274-2281.Zhang J J,Fan T L,Zhao G,et al.. Effects of no-tillage cultivation reserved plastic films and stubbles on soil moisture temperature and yield of dryland maize[J]. J. Nucl. Agric.Sci.,2016,30(11):2274-2281.
[14] Wang X B,Dai K,Zhang D C,et al.. Dryland maize hybrids and water use efficiency in response to tillage/crop stubble and nutrient management practices in China[J]. Field Crops Res.,2011,120:47-57.
[15]彭文英.免耕措施对土壤水分及利用效率的影响[J].土壤通报,2007,38(2):379-383.Peng W Y. Effect of no-tillage on soil water regime and water use efficiency[J]. Chin. J. Soil Sci.,2007,38(2):379-383.
[16] Arshad M A,Franzluebbers A J,Azooz R H. Components of surface soil structure under conventional and no-tillage in northwestern Canada[J]. Soil Tillage Res.,1999,53(1):41-47.
[17]王华,张树海,杨国恒,等.玉米全膜双垄覆盖“一膜两季”模式效应研究[J].宁夏农林科技,2013,54(6):136-139,151.Wang H,Zhang S H,Yang G H,et al.. A study of effect of“a film two season”mode for corn of double ridge whole-mulching[J]. Ningxia J. Agric. Foresry Sci. Technol.,2013,54(6):136-139,151.
[18]朱元刚,董树亭,张吉旺,等.种植方式对夏玉米光合生产特征和光温资源利用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(6):1417-1424.Zhu Y G,Dong S T,Zhang J W,et al.. Effects of cropping patterns on photosynthesis characteristics of summer maize and its utilization of solar and heat resource[J]. Chin. J. Appl.Ecol.,2010,21(6):1417-1424.
[19]代快,蔡典雄,张晓明,等.不同耕作模式下旱作玉米氮磷肥产量效应及水分利用效率[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(2):74-82.Dai K,Cai D X,Zhang X M,et al.. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on dry farming spring corn yield and water use efficiency under different tillage practices[J]. Transact.CSAE,2011,27(2):74-82.
[20]尚金霞,李军,贾志宽,等.渭北旱塬春玉米田保护性耕作蓄水保墒效果与增产增收效应[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(13):2668-2678.Shang J X,Li J,Jia Z K,et al.. Soil water conservation effect,yield and income increments of conservation tillage measures in spring maize field on Weibei Highland[J]. Sci. Agric. Sin.,2010,43(13):2668-2678.
[21]张立健,李玲玲,谢军红,等.不同耕作措施对粮饲兼用玉米产量形成的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2015,50(2):46-52.Zhang L J,Li L L,Xie J H,et al.. Effects of different tillage measures on formation of grain and forage maize yield[J]. J.Gansu Agric. Univ.,2015,50(2):46-52.
[22]柏炜霞,李军,王玉玲,等.渭北旱塬小麦玉米轮作区不同耕作方式对土壤水分和作物产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(5):880-894.Bo W X,Li J,Wang Y L,et al.. Effects of different tillage methods on soil water and crop yield of winter wheat-spring maize rotation region in Weibei Highland[J]. Sci. Agric. Sin.,2014,47(5):880-894.
[23]李建奇.地膜覆盖对春玉米产量、品质的影响机理研究[J].玉米科学,2008,16(5):87-92,97.Li J Q. The mechanism study of the influences of plastics film mulch on grain yield and seed quality of spring maize[J]. J.Maize Sci.,2008,16(5):87-92,97.
[24]马青枝,赵利梅,赵继文,等.地膜覆盖对春玉米籽粒建成和品质形成影响的研究[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2000,21(增刊):21-25.Ma Q Z,Zhao L M,Zhao J W,et al.. Study of the effect of film-covered spring maize on seed and quality formative law[J]. J. Inner Mongolia Agric. Univ.,2000,21(S):21-25.
[25]杨恩琼,黄建国,何腾兵,等.氮肥用量对普通玉米产量和营养品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(3):509-513.Yang E Q,Huang J G,He T B,et al.. Effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield and nutritional qualities of food maize[J].Plant Nutr. Fertil. Sci.,2009,15(3):509-513.