火箭涡轮泵机械密封研究综述
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摘要
机械密封作为一种适合在苛刻工况下使用的轴封形式,在火箭各类涡轮泵中得到了广泛应用。涡轮泵的特殊性给机械密封的应用带来了一系列问题。对火箭涡轮泵机械密封方面的研究概况进行简述。首先从高速旋转轴系中的机械密封动力学方面,介绍了高速工况下轴系与机械密封的耦合关系和机械密封主动控制的尝试;然后对火箭涡轮泵机械密封中的摩擦磨损与润滑问题进行了介绍,涉及高速摩擦磨损下的可靠性、热力耦合与变形问题、材料配副、流体膜形成机理与端面几何特征优化等各方面问题;最后介绍了涡轮泵带压长期贮存的工作特点造成的静态慢渗问题。
As a type of shaft seal suitable for harsh conditions,mechanical face seal is widely used in turbopumps.A series of problems are brought by the special features of turbopump.Firstly,concerning the dynamics of mechanical face seal in high-speed shafting,the researches on the coupling between shafting and seal are introduced,along with the development of active control on mechanical face seal.Then,the researches on friction,wear and lubrication are introduced,considering multiple problems including reliability under high-speed wear,thermal-mechanical coupling,material matching,fluid lubrication mechanism and geometric optimization.Finally the problem of leakage under static load,resulted from the long-time storage of mechanical face seal on the turbopump,is introduced.
As a type of shaft seal suitable for harsh conditions,mechanical face seal is widely used in turbopumps.A series of problems are brought by the special features of turbopump.Firstly,concerning the dynamics of mechanical face seal in high-speed shafting,the researches on the coupling between shafting and seal are introduced,along with the development of active control on mechanical face seal.Then,the researches on friction,wear and lubrication are introduced,considering multiple problems including reliability under high-speed wear,thermal-mechanical coupling,material matching,fluid lubrication mechanism and geometric optimization.Finally the problem of leakage under static load,resulted from the long-time storage of mechanical face seal on the turbopump,is introduced.
引文
[1]章本立.高速涡轮泵的若干问题[J].宇航学报,1983(4):81-90.
[2]包超英.基于渗流原理的机械密封静压渗漏特性分析[D].杭州:浙江工业大学,2015.
[3]张树强,陈杰,赵伟刚,等.液体火箭发动机涡轮泵用非接触式密封研究现状及展望[C].中国航天第三专业信息网第三十七届技术交流会暨第一届空天动力联合会议,2016.
[4]Shapiro W,Colsher R.Steady-state and dynamic analysis of a jet engine,gas lubricated shaft seal[J].ASLE Transactions,1974,17(3):190-200.
[5]Miller B A,Green I.Numerical formulation for the dynamic analysis of spiral-grooved gas face seals[J].Transactions-American Society of Mechanical Engineers Journal of Tribology,2001,123(2):395-403.
[6]Miller B A,Green I.Numerical techniques for computing rotordynamic properties of mechanical gas face seals[J].Journal of Tribology,2002,124(4):755-761.
[7]Miller B A,Green I.Semi-analytical dynamic analysis of spiral-grooved mechanical gas face seals[J].Journal of Tribology,2003,125(2):403-413.
[8]Lee A S,Green I.Rotordynamics of a mechanical face seal riding on a flexible shaft[J].Journal of Tribology,1994,116(2):345-351.
[9]Wileman J,Green I.The rotor dynamic coefficients of eccentric mechanical face seals[J].ASME Journal of Tribology,1996,118(1):215-224.
[10]Wileman J.Dynamic response of eccentric face seals to synchronous shaft whirl[J].ASME Journal of Tribology,2004,126(2):301-309.
[11]徐华,朱均.机械密封对转子轴承系统动力学性能的影响[J].西安交通大学学报,2004,38(7):665-669.
[12]张楠,钱大帅,刘占生,等.涡轮泵转子-石墨密封系统的振动特性[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版),2010,40(3):512-516.
[13]董卫红,伊建辉,张帆,等.高速涡轮泵转子系统动力学集成建模及应用[J].机械科学与技术,2013(9):1254-1258.
[14]郭军刚,温力,郑华义,等.超高速涡轮泵机械密封工作特性分析[J].导弹与航天运载技术,2016(4):22-24.
[15]Wolff P J,Salant R F.Electronically controlled mechanical seal for aerospace applications-part II:Transient tests[J].Tribology Transactions,1995,38(1):51-56.
[16]Green I.Robustness of modeling of out-of-service gas mechanical face seal[R].2006 NASA Seal/Secondary Air System Workshop,2016:289-323.
[17]Zhang G,Zhao W.Design and experimental study on the controllable high-speed spiral groove face seals[J].Tribology Letters,2014,53(2):497-509.
[18]张国渊,赵伟刚,陈垚,等.非接触动静结合型机械密封的主动可控性及其脱开机理[J].航空动力学报,2014,29(10):2515-2522.
[19]野坂正隆,王晋桦.液氢涡轮泵用密封件的试制研究[J].国外导弹技术,1982(11):29-36.
[20]野坂正隆,吴杰.液氢用高速接触式机械密封的密封特性研究[J].国外导弹技术,1985(2):68-90.
[21]铃木峰男,吴杰.液氧涡轮泵轴密封的密封性能和耐久性[J].国外导弹技术,1984(3):41-62.
[22]张淑敏,胡丽国,孟祥铠.超高速燃气涡轮泵机械密封的分析与研究[J].流体机械,2012,40(10):23-27.
[23]张嘉禾,杨赪石,彭博,等.超高速下机械密封的结构及温度场研究[J].船海工程,2014,43(2):162-164,172.
[24]张树强,王良,赵伟刚.液体火箭发动机涡轮泵用机械密封温度场及热载变形研究[J].火箭推进,2014,40(5):92-98.
[25]江志斌,马强.高速高压机械密封的材料研究[J].现代制造工程,2007,17(11):62-64.
[26]Chupp R E,Hendricks R C,Lattime S B,et al.Sealing in turbo-machinery[J].Journal of Propulsion and Power,2006,22(2):313-349.
[27]Dirusso E.Design analysis of a self-acting spiralgroove ring seal for counter-rotating shafts[R].New York:AIAA 1983-1134,1983.
[28]Glienicke J,Launert A,Schlums H,et al.Non-contacting gas lubricated face seals for high p x v-values[R].NASA.Lewis Research Center,Seals Flow Code Development,1993:367-378.
[29]Zheng X,Gardner J,Berard G.Adaptive divert double-spiral groove face seals for high speed,high temperature applications[R].New York:AIAA2000-3373,2000.
[30]Young L A,Key B,Philipps R,et al.Mechanical seals with laser machined wavy SiC faces for high duty boiler circulation and feedwater applications[J].Lubrication Engineering,2003,59(4):30-39.
[31]Berard G,Zheng X.Analysis and design of a doubledivert spiral groove seal[R].New York:AIAA2006-4753,2006.
[32]刘忠,刘莹,刘向锋.低温介质粘度对端面双螺旋槽动密封槽数优化的影响[J].润滑与密封,2006(10):79-80,83.
[33]陈杰,李建克,王少鹏.低温非接触式端面密封参数优化与试验验证[J].火箭推进,2013,39(4):56-61.
[34]赵伟刚,张树强,陈杰,等.液氧泵用动静压混合式密封关键技术研究[J].润滑与密封,2017,42(1):111-115,136.
[35]Lebeck A O.Hydrodynamic lubrication in wavy contacting face seals-a two dimensional model[J].Journal of Lubrication Technology,1981,103(4):578-586.
[36]Lebeck A O.Contacting mechanical seal design using a simplified hydrostatic model[J].Tribology International,1988,21(1):2-14.
[37]孙见君,顾伯勤,魏龙.基于分形理论的接触式机械密封泄漏模型[J].化工学报,2006,57(7):1626-1631.
[38]吴勋,解红雨,陈广南,等.液体发动机涡轮泵端面密封长期贮存变形研究[J].宇航材料工艺,2008(5):29-32.
[39]吴勋,刘纪涛,张为华,等.涡轮泵端面密封有限元仿真及贮存可靠性分析[J].润滑与密封,2009(10):54-57.
[40]吴勋,刘纪涛,肖飞,等.涡轮泵端面密封贮存仿真及可靠性分析[J].空军工程大学学报(自然科学版),2009,10(4):15-19.
[41]白东安,段增斌,张翠儒.涡轮泵端面密封性能与漏气量影响研究[J].火箭推进,2010,36(1):38-42.
[2]包超英.基于渗流原理的机械密封静压渗漏特性分析[D].杭州:浙江工业大学,2015.
[3]张树强,陈杰,赵伟刚,等.液体火箭发动机涡轮泵用非接触式密封研究现状及展望[C].中国航天第三专业信息网第三十七届技术交流会暨第一届空天动力联合会议,2016.
[4]Shapiro W,Colsher R.Steady-state and dynamic analysis of a jet engine,gas lubricated shaft seal[J].ASLE Transactions,1974,17(3):190-200.
[5]Miller B A,Green I.Numerical formulation for the dynamic analysis of spiral-grooved gas face seals[J].Transactions-American Society of Mechanical Engineers Journal of Tribology,2001,123(2):395-403.
[6]Miller B A,Green I.Numerical techniques for computing rotordynamic properties of mechanical gas face seals[J].Journal of Tribology,2002,124(4):755-761.
[7]Miller B A,Green I.Semi-analytical dynamic analysis of spiral-grooved mechanical gas face seals[J].Journal of Tribology,2003,125(2):403-413.
[8]Lee A S,Green I.Rotordynamics of a mechanical face seal riding on a flexible shaft[J].Journal of Tribology,1994,116(2):345-351.
[9]Wileman J,Green I.The rotor dynamic coefficients of eccentric mechanical face seals[J].ASME Journal of Tribology,1996,118(1):215-224.
[10]Wileman J.Dynamic response of eccentric face seals to synchronous shaft whirl[J].ASME Journal of Tribology,2004,126(2):301-309.
[11]徐华,朱均.机械密封对转子轴承系统动力学性能的影响[J].西安交通大学学报,2004,38(7):665-669.
[12]张楠,钱大帅,刘占生,等.涡轮泵转子-石墨密封系统的振动特性[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版),2010,40(3):512-516.
[13]董卫红,伊建辉,张帆,等.高速涡轮泵转子系统动力学集成建模及应用[J].机械科学与技术,2013(9):1254-1258.
[14]郭军刚,温力,郑华义,等.超高速涡轮泵机械密封工作特性分析[J].导弹与航天运载技术,2016(4):22-24.
[15]Wolff P J,Salant R F.Electronically controlled mechanical seal for aerospace applications-part II:Transient tests[J].Tribology Transactions,1995,38(1):51-56.
[16]Green I.Robustness of modeling of out-of-service gas mechanical face seal[R].2006 NASA Seal/Secondary Air System Workshop,2016:289-323.
[17]Zhang G,Zhao W.Design and experimental study on the controllable high-speed spiral groove face seals[J].Tribology Letters,2014,53(2):497-509.
[18]张国渊,赵伟刚,陈垚,等.非接触动静结合型机械密封的主动可控性及其脱开机理[J].航空动力学报,2014,29(10):2515-2522.
[19]野坂正隆,王晋桦.液氢涡轮泵用密封件的试制研究[J].国外导弹技术,1982(11):29-36.
[20]野坂正隆,吴杰.液氢用高速接触式机械密封的密封特性研究[J].国外导弹技术,1985(2):68-90.
[21]铃木峰男,吴杰.液氧涡轮泵轴密封的密封性能和耐久性[J].国外导弹技术,1984(3):41-62.
[22]张淑敏,胡丽国,孟祥铠.超高速燃气涡轮泵机械密封的分析与研究[J].流体机械,2012,40(10):23-27.
[23]张嘉禾,杨赪石,彭博,等.超高速下机械密封的结构及温度场研究[J].船海工程,2014,43(2):162-164,172.
[24]张树强,王良,赵伟刚.液体火箭发动机涡轮泵用机械密封温度场及热载变形研究[J].火箭推进,2014,40(5):92-98.
[25]江志斌,马强.高速高压机械密封的材料研究[J].现代制造工程,2007,17(11):62-64.
[26]Chupp R E,Hendricks R C,Lattime S B,et al.Sealing in turbo-machinery[J].Journal of Propulsion and Power,2006,22(2):313-349.
[27]Dirusso E.Design analysis of a self-acting spiralgroove ring seal for counter-rotating shafts[R].New York:AIAA 1983-1134,1983.
[28]Glienicke J,Launert A,Schlums H,et al.Non-contacting gas lubricated face seals for high p x v-values[R].NASA.Lewis Research Center,Seals Flow Code Development,1993:367-378.
[29]Zheng X,Gardner J,Berard G.Adaptive divert double-spiral groove face seals for high speed,high temperature applications[R].New York:AIAA2000-3373,2000.
[30]Young L A,Key B,Philipps R,et al.Mechanical seals with laser machined wavy SiC faces for high duty boiler circulation and feedwater applications[J].Lubrication Engineering,2003,59(4):30-39.
[31]Berard G,Zheng X.Analysis and design of a doubledivert spiral groove seal[R].New York:AIAA2006-4753,2006.
[32]刘忠,刘莹,刘向锋.低温介质粘度对端面双螺旋槽动密封槽数优化的影响[J].润滑与密封,2006(10):79-80,83.
[33]陈杰,李建克,王少鹏.低温非接触式端面密封参数优化与试验验证[J].火箭推进,2013,39(4):56-61.
[34]赵伟刚,张树强,陈杰,等.液氧泵用动静压混合式密封关键技术研究[J].润滑与密封,2017,42(1):111-115,136.
[35]Lebeck A O.Hydrodynamic lubrication in wavy contacting face seals-a two dimensional model[J].Journal of Lubrication Technology,1981,103(4):578-586.
[36]Lebeck A O.Contacting mechanical seal design using a simplified hydrostatic model[J].Tribology International,1988,21(1):2-14.
[37]孙见君,顾伯勤,魏龙.基于分形理论的接触式机械密封泄漏模型[J].化工学报,2006,57(7):1626-1631.
[38]吴勋,解红雨,陈广南,等.液体发动机涡轮泵端面密封长期贮存变形研究[J].宇航材料工艺,2008(5):29-32.
[39]吴勋,刘纪涛,张为华,等.涡轮泵端面密封有限元仿真及贮存可靠性分析[J].润滑与密封,2009(10):54-57.
[40]吴勋,刘纪涛,肖飞,等.涡轮泵端面密封贮存仿真及可靠性分析[J].空军工程大学学报(自然科学版),2009,10(4):15-19.
[41]白东安,段增斌,张翠儒.涡轮泵端面密封性能与漏气量影响研究[J].火箭推进,2010,36(1):38-42.