基于入耳式耳机电阻抗特性的个性化均衡研究
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摘要
入耳式耳机封闭耳道会大幅改变耳道辐射阻抗,使得耳道内声压产生畸变进而导致头中定位效应。该文首次通过建模分析耳机与外耳耦合时声负载的变化,建立起耳机电阻抗与个性化耳机-耳道传递函数的关系。根据耳机电阻抗设计个性化滤波器以消除传递函数中高Q值的共振峰,均衡耳道内声压畸变。主观实验结果表明,基于耳机电阻抗特性的个性化均衡对于消除头中定位效应有显著作用。
The ear canal radiation impedance changes drastically with earphone blocking the entrance,which causes unnatural resonances and eventually leads to in-head localization.The relationship between the earphone's electric impedance and the earphone-to-ear-canal transfer function is first established based on the modeling of the acoustic load caused by the coupling with ear.Individualized equalization is designed according to earphone electric impedance to eliminate the high Q value resonance in the ear canal.The results obtained from subjective tests demonstrate that individual equalization based on the earphone's electric impedance results in externalized sound images.
The ear canal radiation impedance changes drastically with earphone blocking the entrance,which causes unnatural resonances and eventually leads to in-head localization.The relationship between the earphone's electric impedance and the earphone-to-ear-canal transfer function is first established based on the modeling of the acoustic load caused by the coupling with ear.Individualized equalization is designed according to earphone electric impedance to eliminate the high Q value resonance in the ear canal.The results obtained from subjective tests demonstrate that individual equalization based on the earphone's electric impedance results in externalized sound images.
引文
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[2]Blauert J.Spatial hearing:the psychophysics of human sound localization[M].Revised Edition.Massachusetts:The MIT Press,1996.
[3]Wightman F L,Kistler D J.Headphone simulation of freefield listening.I:stimulus synthesis[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1989,85(2):868-878.
[4]Pralong D.The role of individualized headphone calibration for the generation of high fidelity virtual auditory space[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1996,100(6):3785-3793.
[5]饶丹.非个性化耳机特性补偿的分析[J].电声技术,2007,31(3):41-43.Rao Dan.Analysis of non-individualized compensation for headphone transfer function[J].Audio Engineering,2007,31(3):41-43.
[6]钟小丽,刘阳.个性化耳机到耳道传输函数的测量[C].中国声学学会2009年青年学术会议,2009.
[7]张承云,谢菠荪,谢志文.立体声耳机重发中头中定位效应的消除[J].电声技术,2000,24(8):4-6.Zhang Chengyun,Xie Bosun,Xie Zhiwen.The method of eliminating the effect of inside-the-head localization in sound reproduction by stereophonic earphone[J].Audio Engineering,2000,24(8):4-6.
[8]Hammersh I D,M?ller H.Sound transmission to and within the human ear canal[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1996,100(1):408-427.
[9]Voss S E,Allen J B.Measurement of acoustic impedance and reflectance in the human ear canal[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1994,95(1):372-384.
[10]Mcintosh J.Measurements of acoustical speaker loading impedance in headphones and loudspeakers[J].Journal of the Quantitative Spectroscopy&Radiative Transfer,2015,2(1):212-287.
[11]李贤胜,蔡志博,李晓东.基于电流反馈信号的智能扬声器系统[J].电声技术,2015,39(1):27-30.Li Xiansheng,Cai Zhibo,Li Xiaodong.Smart loudspeaker system with current feedback[J].Audio Engineering,2015,39(1):27-30.
[12]Heo Y H,Ih J G.Acoustic simulation of mobile phone coupled to artificial ear[J].Applied Acoustics,2014,76(1):162-168.
[13]Hiipakka M.Measurement apparatus and modelling techniques of ear canal acoustics[D].Helsinki:Helsinki University of Technology,2008.
[14]Hiipakka M,Tikander M,Karjalainen M.Modeling of external ear acoustics for insert headphone usage[J].Journal of the Audio Engineering Society,2010,58(4):269-281.
[15]Huang C H,Pawar S,Hong Z J,et al.Insert earphone modeling and measurement by IEC-60711 coupler[J].Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics&Frequency Control IEEE Transactions on,2011,58(2):461-469.
[16]Huang C H,Pawar S J,Hong Z J,et al.Earbud-type earphone modeling and measurement by head and torso simulator[J].Applied Acoustics,2012,73(5):461-469.
[17]Leach W M.Loudspeaker voice-coil inductance losses:circuit models,parameter estimation,and effect on frequency response[J].Journal of the Audio Engineering Society,2002,50(6):442-450.
[18]Trump B.Loudspeaker protection circuit[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1982,71(71):1315.
[19]Bright A.Tracking changes in linear loudspeaker parameters with current feedback[C].AES Convention 115.Audio Engineering Society,2003.
[20]Payal S S,Mathews V J,Iyer A,et al.Equalization of excursion and current-dependent nonlinearities in loudspeakers[C].Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech and Signal Processing,F,2014.
[21]Vorl?nder M.Acoustic load on the ear caused by headphones[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2000,107(4):2082-2088.
[22]Hansson M.Earphone system with usage detection:U.S.,11/426,610[P].2007-12-27.
[23]Shaw E A,Teranishi R.Sound pressure generated in an external-ear replica and real human ears by a nearby point source[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2005,44(1):240-249.
[24]Rife D D.Transfer-function measurement with maximumlength sequences[J].Journal of the Audio Engineering Society,1989,37(6):102-113.
[25]Masiero B,Fels J.Perceptually robust headphone equalization for binaural reproduction[C].Proceedings of the130th Audio Engineering Society Convention,F,2011.
[26]ITUR R.1116-1:Methods for the subjective assessment of small impairments in audio systems including multichannel sound systems[C].Usenix Technical Conference,1997.
[27]Algazi V R,Duda R O,Thompson D M,et al.The cipic hrtf database[C].Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics,2001 IEEE Workshop on the IEEE,2001:99-102.