基于可达集方法的结冰飞机着陆阶段安全风险评估
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摘要
飞机在着陆过程中极易发生结冰的现象,结冰对飞行安全造成的危害极为严重。结冰导致飞机发生危险的原因是由于机翼或尾翼被冰层覆盖后空气动力学行为发生改变,飞机受力异常难以控制。为分析结冰后飞机的稳定性以保证飞行安全,以飞机纵向动力学系统为分析对象,将飞机结冰后状态的描述以可达集的形式进行,直观地判断飞机状态是否可控,以此确定飞机是否处于安全状态。以求解所得的可达集为基础,利用极值定理分析结冰飞机的风险概率模型,由模型计算不同情况下飞机的风险概率,最终得到飞机着陆阶段的安全风险评估结果,并由评估结果指导驾驶员操纵,从而保证飞机的安全飞行。
The aircraft is prone to icing during the landing process,and the damage caused by icing to flight safety is extremely serious.The danger caused by icing to the aircraft is because that the aerodynamic behavior changes after the wing or tail is covered by the ice layer,and the aircraft is extremely difficult to control.In order to analyze the stability of the aircraft after icing and ensure the safety of the flight,the longitudinal dynamic system of the aircraft is taken as the analysis object,and the description of the state after the icing of the aircraft is carried out in the form of a reachable set,which is used to judge whether the state of the aircraft is controllable visually.All of this determines if the aircraft is in a safe state.Based on the reachable set obtained by the solution,the extreme value theorem is used to analyze the risk probability model of the icing aircraft.The model calculates the risk probability of the aircraft under different conditions,then it could obtain the safety risk assessment result of the aircraft during landing stage.Control of the driver is guided by the evaluation result,which ensures safe flight of the aircraft.
The aircraft is prone to icing during the landing process,and the damage caused by icing to flight safety is extremely serious.The danger caused by icing to the aircraft is because that the aerodynamic behavior changes after the wing or tail is covered by the ice layer,and the aircraft is extremely difficult to control.In order to analyze the stability of the aircraft after icing and ensure the safety of the flight,the longitudinal dynamic system of the aircraft is taken as the analysis object,and the description of the state after the icing of the aircraft is carried out in the form of a reachable set,which is used to judge whether the state of the aircraft is controllable visually.All of this determines if the aircraft is in a safe state.Based on the reachable set obtained by the solution,the extreme value theorem is used to analyze the risk probability model of the icing aircraft.The model calculates the risk probability of the aircraft under different conditions,then it could obtain the safety risk assessment result of the aircraft during landing stage.Control of the driver is guided by the evaluation result,which ensures safe flight of the aircraft.
引文
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[26] LAMPTON A,VALASEK J.Prediction of icing effects on the dynamic response of light airplanes[J].Journal of Guidance,Control,and Dynamics,2007,30(3):722-732.
[2] National Transportation Safety Board.Loss of control on approach:NTSB/AAR-10/01[R].Washington,D.C.:National Transportation Safety Board,2010.
[3] BHARGAVA C,LOTH E,POTAPCZUK M.Numerical simulation of icing clouds in the NASA Glenn icing re-search tunnel[J].Journal of Aircraft,2005,42(6):1442-1451.
[4] MARK G,POTAPCZUK,MILLER D.Simulation of a bi-modal large droplet icing cloud in the NASA icing research tunnel[C]∥43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit.Reston,VA:AIAA,2005.
[5] BRAGG M B,BASAR T,PERKINS W R,et al.Smart icing systems for aircraft icing safety:AIAA-2002-0813[R].Reston,VA:AIAA,2002.
[6] BRAGG M B,PERKINS W R,SARTER N B,et al.An interdisciplinary approach to inflight aircraft icing safety[J].University of Illinois,1998,23(87):395-409.
[7] HONSEK R,HABASHI W G,AUBE M S.Eulerian modeling of in-flight icing due to supercooled large droplets[J].Journal of Aircraft,2008,45(4):1290-1296.
[8] BAYEN A M,MITCHELL I M,OSIHI M K,et al.Aircraft autolander safety analysis through optimal controlbased reach set computation[J].Journal of Guidance,Control and Dynamics,2007,30(1):68-77.
[9]刘瑛,杜光勋,全权,等.基于Hamilton-Jacobi方程的飞行器机动动作可达集分析[J].自动化学报,2016,42(3):347-357.LIU Y,DU G X,QUAN Q,et al.Reachability calculation for aircraft maneuver using Hamilton-Jacobi function[J].Acta Automatica Sinica,2016,42(3):347-357(in Chinese).
[10] GILLULA J H,HOFFMANN G M,HUANG H M,et al.Applications of hybrid reachability analysis to robotic aerial vehicles[J].The International Journal of Robotics Research,2011,30(3):335-354.
[11] MILLER R,RIBBENS W.The effects of icing on the longitudinal dynamics of an icing research aircraft[C]∥37th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit.Reston,VA:AIAA,1999.
[12]王爽,詹浩.飞行最大可控边界集及其机动边界保护控制[J].西北工业大学学报,2014,32(4):523-528.WANG S,ZHAN H.The safe-set aircraft and maneuverability envelope protection[J].Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University,2014,32(4):523-528(in Chinese).
[13] BRAGG M B,HUTCHISON T,MERRET J,et al.Effect of ice accretion on aircraft flight dynamics:AIAA-2000-0360[R].Reston,VA:AIAA,2000.
[14] VANOORT E R,CHU Q P,MULDER J A.Maneuver envelope determination through reachability analysis[M]∥Advances in Aerospace Guidance,Navigation and Control.Berlin Heidelberg:Springer,2011:91-102.
[15] MITCHELL I M.Application of level set methods to control and reachability problems in continuous and hybrid systems[D].Stanford,CA:Stanford University,2003.
[16] STAPEL J C J,DE VISSER C C,CHU Q P,et al.Efficient methods for flight envelope estimation through reachability analysis[C]∥AIAA Guidance,Navigation,and Control Conference.Reston,VA:AIAA,2016.
[17] VUKITS T J.Overview and risk assessment of icing for transport category aircraft and components:AIAA-2002-0811[R].Reston,VA:AIAA,2002.
[18] ZEPPETELLI D,HABASHI W G.In-flight icing risk management through computational fluid dynamics-icing analysis[J].Journal of Aircraft,2012,49(2):611-621.
[19] PEI B B,XU H J,XUE Y,et al.In-flight icing risk prediction and management in consideration of wing stall[J].Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology,2015,90(1):24-23.
[20] ATILLA D,KOMKRIT K.Probabilistic human pilot approach-application to microburst escape maneuver[J].Journal of Guidance,Control,and Dynamics,2007,30(2):357-369.
[21]薛源,徐浩军,胡孟权.结冰条件下人-机-环系统的飞行风险概率[J].航空学报,2016,37(11):3328-3339.XUE Y,XU H J,HU M Q.Flight risk probability of pilot-aircraft-environment system under icing conditions[J].Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica,2016,37(11):3328-3339(in Chinese).
[22]王健名,徐浩军,薛源,等.基于极值理论的平尾结冰飞行风险评估[J].航空学报,2016,37(10):3011-3022.WANG J M,XU H J,XUE Y,et al.Flight risk evaluation of tailplane icing based on extreme value theory[J].Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica,2016,37(10):3011-3022(in Chinese).
[23] MAKKONEN L.Problems in the extreme value analysis[J].Structural Safety,2008(30):405-419.
[24] COLES S. An introduction to statistical modeling of extreme values[M].London:Springer-Verlag,2001.
[25]王明丰,王立新,黄成涛.积冰对飞机纵向操稳特性的量化影响[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2008,34(5):592-595.WANG M F,WANG L X,HUANG C T.Computational effects of ice accretion on aircraft longitudinal stability and control[J].Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,2008,34(5):592-595(in Chinese).
[26] LAMPTON A,VALASEK J.Prediction of icing effects on the dynamic response of light airplanes[J].Journal of Guidance,Control,and Dynamics,2007,30(3):722-732.