北极黄河站生态环境考察与研究进展
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摘要
北极黄河站位于北极斯瓦尔巴群岛新奥尔松地区,是生态系统对全球变化响应监测与研究的理想之地。我国自2004年建站以来,开展了系统的王湾海域生态断面和陆地植被样方的长期监测与研究,同时开展了环境污染和鸟类种群变迁等方面的考察与研究。结果表明:冰川退缩迹地上的物种更替明显,而范氏藓等可很好地反映该地区同时期的气温变化;从北极黄河站周边区域的海底沉积物、土壤、湖沉积物和冰川冰碛中分离获得了3个北极新属和21个北极新种,并发现了部分活性菌株;王湾海域微型浮游生物存在较高的生物多样性,其表层水存在潜在氮限制;微藻对温度有较好的适应性,具有通过自身调节来适应北极环境变化的能力;苔原植物对重金属具富集能力,大气传输是持久性有机污染物(POPs)污染来源的最主要途径;鸟类方面,在距今9 400年海鸟就已在该地区生活繁衍,种群数量存在明显波动并在距今7 650年左右达到最大。未来应坚持监测断面和样方的长期监测,进一步掌握生物群落的变化趋势;融合我国在该地区的大气、冰川、样方和海洋监测,开展大气-冰雪-陆地-海洋相互作用研究,聚焦科学问题并形成我国在该地区的研究特色。
The Chinese Yellow River Station in Ny-?lesund, Arctic Svalbard, is an ideal area for monitoring and studying the response of ecosystems to global change. Since its foundation in 2004, Chinese scientists have established a marine transect in Kongsfjorden and 11 terrestrial vegetation quadrats for monitoring, and projects on pollution and bird population evolution. Key research findings include:(1) species replacement is obvious in areas of glacial retreat, with mosses like Warnstorfia exannulata well reflecting variations in air temperature at the same period;(2) Bacterial strains have been isolated and 3 new genus and 21 new species have been discovered;(3) Kongsfjorden nanoplankton diversity is high, and during summer limited by surface-water nitrogen levels;(4) microalgae is highly adapted to temperature, and, by self-regulation, capable of adapting to environmental change;(5) tundra plants accumulate heavy metals, with atmospheric transmission the main pathway for persistent organic pollutant(POPs) population; and(6) since arriving in Ny-?lesund 9 400 years ago, bird abundance has fluctuated with the maximum arriving 7 650 year ago. In the coming decades, the monitoring of marine transect and vegetaion quadrats should continue in order to know the trandency of population variations; meanwhile, combine the monitoring of atmosphere, glacier, plants and marine, carry out the study on atmosphere-ice-land-marine interation and form unique research feature.
The Chinese Yellow River Station in Ny-?lesund, Arctic Svalbard, is an ideal area for monitoring and studying the response of ecosystems to global change. Since its foundation in 2004, Chinese scientists have established a marine transect in Kongsfjorden and 11 terrestrial vegetation quadrats for monitoring, and projects on pollution and bird population evolution. Key research findings include:(1) species replacement is obvious in areas of glacial retreat, with mosses like Warnstorfia exannulata well reflecting variations in air temperature at the same period;(2) Bacterial strains have been isolated and 3 new genus and 21 new species have been discovered;(3) Kongsfjorden nanoplankton diversity is high, and during summer limited by surface-water nitrogen levels;(4) microalgae is highly adapted to temperature, and, by self-regulation, capable of adapting to environmental change;(5) tundra plants accumulate heavy metals, with atmospheric transmission the main pathway for persistent organic pollutant(POPs) population; and(6) since arriving in Ny-?lesund 9 400 years ago, bird abundance has fluctuated with the maximum arriving 7 650 year ago. In the coming decades, the monitoring of marine transect and vegetaion quadrats should continue in order to know the trandency of population variations; meanwhile, combine the monitoring of atmosphere, glacier, plants and marine, carry out the study on atmosphere-ice-land-marine interation and form unique research feature.
引文
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2 姚轶锋,曹叔楠,彭方,等.北极新奥尔松Austre Lovénbreen冰川退缩迹地不同演替阶段的植物组成与植被群落特征分析[J].极地研究,2014,26(3):362—368.
3 YAO Y,ZHAO Q,BERA S,et al.Pollen morphology of selected tundra plants from the high Arctic of Ny-?lesund,Svalbard[J].Advances in Polar Science,2013,23(2):103—115.
4 YAO Y.Pollen morphology in Saxifraga(Saxifragaceae)from Ny-?lesund,Svalbard,Arctic,and its taxonomic significance[J].Advances in Polar Science,2014(2):105—112.
5 GUO C Q,OCHYRA R,WU P C,et al.Warnstorfia exannulata,an aquatic moss in the Arctic:seasonal growth responses to global climate change[J].Climatic Change,2013,119(2):407—419.
6 JIANG S,LIU X,XU L,et al.The change of pigment contents and their environmental implications in the lake sediments of Ny-?lesund,Svalbard,the Arctic[J].Chinese Journal of Polar Science,2010,21(1):60—70.
7 季仲强,高生泉,金海燕,等.北极王湾2010年夏季水体营养盐分布及影响因素[J].海洋学报,2014,36(10):80—89.
8 李宏亮,陈建芳,刘子琳,等.北极楚科奇海和加拿大海盆南部颗粒生物硅的粒级结构[J].自然科学进展,2007,17(1):72—78.
9 KECK A,WIKTOR J,HAPTER R,et al.Phytoplankton assemblages related to physical gradients in an Arctic,glacier-fed fjord in summer[J].ICES Journal of Marine Science,1999,56:203—214.
10 ZENG Y,ZHENG T,LI H.Community composition of the marine bacterioplankton in Kongsfjorden(Spitsbergen)as revealed by 16S r RNA gene analysis[J].Polar Biology,2009,32(10):1447—1460.
11 LUO W,LI H,CAI M,et al.Diversity of microbial eukaryotes in Kongsfjorden,Svalbard[J].Hydrobiologia,2009,636(1):233—248.
12 GUO C Y,HE J F,ZHANG F,et al.Spatial heterogeneity of a microbial community in Kongsfjorden,Svalbard during late summer2006 and its relationship to biotic and abiotic factors[J].Advances in Polar Science,2011,22(1):58—69.
13 LUO W,Dai C J,LI H,et al.Phylogenetic diversity of dinoflagellates in polar regions[J].Advances in Polar Science,2011,22(1):35—41.
14 ZHANG T,WANG N F,ZHANG Y Q,et al.Diversity and distribution of fungal communities in the marine sediments of Kongsfjorden,Svalbard(High Arctic)[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5(1).
15 FENG M,ZHANG W,XIAO T.Spatial and temporal distribution of tintinnid(Ciliophora:Tintinnida)communities in Kongsfjorden,Svalbard(Arctic),during summer[J].Polar Biology,2014,37(2):291—296.
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