探究美国南北战争可否避免
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摘要
在美国史学界,美国南北战争是一个经久不衰的话题,其引发原因也是众说纷纭。修正主义学派史学家认为美国内战本是可以避免的,他们把战争的起因归咎于政治家的恶意煽动,并认为传统主义学派所强调的经济和政治制度上的差异根本不是导致战争爆发的主要原因。修正主义学派还推断假如没有美国内战,奴隶制也会在19世纪前自然消亡,因此美国内战是无用之战。针对修正主义学派所提出的论据,国内外研究者缺乏对其合理性的质疑。本文将详细阐述并分析修正主义学派的观点,并对其合理性提出质疑,最后综述内战的主要起因,得出"美国内战是不可避免"的这一结论。
American Civil War is one of the most important research subjects in American Studies. American historians hold different opinions towards the cause of the war. Revisionists argue that had it not been the poor political leadership and the irresponsible agitators, the conflict between south and north could have been solved in a peaceful way without a bloody war. They also believe that slavery would die out before the 19 thcentury without a war. However, historians from home and abroad seldom question the rationality of the evidence which revisionists put forward. This essay will first analyze three major arguments of revisionists and then question the rationality of them. Finally, this essay will synthesize the major causes of the war and conclude that American Civil War is irrepressible.
American Civil War is one of the most important research subjects in American Studies. American historians hold different opinions towards the cause of the war. Revisionists argue that had it not been the poor political leadership and the irresponsible agitators, the conflict between south and north could have been solved in a peaceful way without a bloody war. They also believe that slavery would die out before the 19 thcentury without a war. However, historians from home and abroad seldom question the rationality of the evidence which revisionists put forward. This essay will first analyze three major arguments of revisionists and then question the rationality of them. Finally, this essay will synthesize the major causes of the war and conclude that American Civil War is irrepressible.
引文
[1]Ashworth,J.Slaver,Capitalism,and Politics in the Antebellum Republic:Commerce and Compromise,1995:1820-1850.
[2]Beard,C.and Beard,M.The Rise of American Civilization.New York:Macmillan,1930.
[3]Boucher,C.“In Re That Aggressive Slavocracy”.Mississippi Valley Historical Review 8,1921.
[4]Craven,A.The Coming of the Civil War.New York:University of Chicago Press,1942.
[5]Foner,E.Free Soil,Free Labor,Free Men:The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War.New York:Oxford University Press,1970.
[6]Foner,E.“The Causes of the American Civil War:Recent Interpretations and New Directions”.Civil War History 20,no.3(September1974)197-204.
[7]Holt,M.The Political Crisis of the 1850s.New York:Wiley,1978.
[8]Phillips,U.and Genovese,E.American Negro slavery.Baton Rouge:Loui siana State University Press,1966.
[9]Potter,D.Lincoln in His Party in the Secession Crisis.New Haven:Yale University Press,1942.
[10]Ramsdell,C.“The Natural Limits of Slavery Expansion”.Mississippi Valle Historical Review XXXIII.1929.
[11]Stampp,K.The Imperiled Union:Essays on the background of the Civil War.New York:Oxford University Press,1980.
[12]陈其.美国史家对美国内战的反思[J].历史教学问题,2001(1).
[2]Beard,C.and Beard,M.The Rise of American Civilization.New York:Macmillan,1930.
[3]Boucher,C.“In Re That Aggressive Slavocracy”.Mississippi Valley Historical Review 8,1921.
[4]Craven,A.The Coming of the Civil War.New York:University of Chicago Press,1942.
[5]Foner,E.Free Soil,Free Labor,Free Men:The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War.New York:Oxford University Press,1970.
[6]Foner,E.“The Causes of the American Civil War:Recent Interpretations and New Directions”.Civil War History 20,no.3(September1974)197-204.
[7]Holt,M.The Political Crisis of the 1850s.New York:Wiley,1978.
[8]Phillips,U.and Genovese,E.American Negro slavery.Baton Rouge:Loui siana State University Press,1966.
[9]Potter,D.Lincoln in His Party in the Secession Crisis.New Haven:Yale University Press,1942.
[10]Ramsdell,C.“The Natural Limits of Slavery Expansion”.Mississippi Valle Historical Review XXXIII.1929.
[11]Stampp,K.The Imperiled Union:Essays on the background of the Civil War.New York:Oxford University Press,1980.
[12]陈其.美国史家对美国内战的反思[J].历史教学问题,2001(1).