大口黑鲈对磷的最适需求量以及高水溶性磷酸一二钙的相对生物学利用率研究
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摘要
本试验在低磷基础饲料中添加不同水平的磷酸二钙(MCP)和高水溶性磷酸一二钙(MDCP),通过研究其对大口黑鲈生长性能、氮和磷的消化率与沉积率以及全鱼和椎骨磷含量与全鱼粗灰分含量的影响,确定大口黑鲈对磷的最适需求量以及高水溶性MDCP相对于MCP的生物学利用率。首先配制低磷基础饲料,然后在低磷基础饲料基础上分别添加8.86、11.08、13.29、15.51 g/kg M CP,以及9.34、11.67、14.01、16.34 g/kg高水溶性M DCP,使得2种磷酸盐所提供的磷均分别为2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5 g/kg,9种试验饲料分别命名为P0、P2、P2.5、P3、P3.5、DP2、DP2.5、DP3、DP3.5。每种饲料投喂4桶(重复)初始体重为(8.53±0.01)g的大口黑鲈,每个桶放养40尾,养殖周期为8周。结果显示:饲料中添加不同水平的MCP和高水溶性MDCP均显著提高了大口黑鲈的增重率、磷消化率与沉积率和全鱼粗灰分含量(P<0.05),且2种磷源对以上指标的影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。随MCP添加水平的升高,大口黑鲈的增重率和全鱼粗灰分含量均呈先上升后稳定的趋势,磷沉积率有先上升后降低的趋势,均以P0组最低。随高水溶性MDCP添加水平的升高,大口黑鲈的增重率和磷消化率呈现持续上升的趋势,磷沉积率有先上升后降低的趋势,以P0组磷沉积率最低,DP3组磷沉积率最高。分别以增重率和磷沉积率为指标,通过斜率比法计算得出高水溶性MDCP相对于MCP的生物学利用率分别为100%和118%。以M CP为磷源,饲料可消化磷含量为0.51%时,增重率和磷沉积率达到最高。以高水溶性MDCP为磷源,饲料可消化磷含量为0.52%时,磷沉积率达到最高。
In this experiment,various levels of monocalcium phosphate( MCP) and high soluble monodicalcium phosphate( MDCP) were added to low-phosphorus basal diet,in order to study the effects of them on growth performance,apparent digestibility coefficients of phosphorus( ADCp) and nitrogen( ADCn),retention ratios of phosphorus( PRR) and nitrogen value( NRR),phosphorus content of vertebra and whole body,and ash content of whole body,and to determine the optimum requirement for phosphorus and the biological availability of high soluble MDCP relative to MCP of largemouth bass( Micropterus salmoides). A low-phosphorus basal diet was prepared firstly,and then 8. 86,11. 08,13. 29 and 15. 51 g/kg of MCP,and 9. 34,11.67,14.01 and 16.34 g/kg of high soluble MDCP were added into the low-phosphorus basal diet to equally supply 2.0,2.5,3.0 and 3.5 g/kg of phosphorus,respectively. The nine experimental diets were accordingly named P0,P2,P2.5,P3.0,P3. 5 and DP2. 0,DP2. 5,DP3. 0,DP3. 5. Each diet was fed to four replicates( tanks) with 40 largemouth bass [initial body weight:( 8.53±0.01) g]in each tank for 8 weeks. The results showed as follows: diets supplemented with different levels of MCP and high soluble MDCP both significantly increased the weight gain rate( W GR),ADCp,PRR and whole body ash content of the largemouth bass( P<0.05),but there were no significant differences in them between the two phosphorus sources( P> 0.05). W ith the MCP supplemental level increasing,the W GR and whole body ash content were increased firstly and then went in a stabilization trend,the PRR was increased firstly and then declined,and all of them in P0 group were the lowest. W ith the high soluble MDCP supplemental level increasing,the W GR and ADCp showed a upward tendency,the PRR was increased firstly and then decreased,and the lowest and the highest values were observed in P0 and DP3 groups,respectively( P< 0.05). The biological availability of high soluble MDCP relative to MCP is 100% and 118% based on the W GR and PRR through slope method,respectively. W ith MCP as the source of phosphorus,the W GR and PRR reach the highest when dietary digestible phosphorus content is0.51%. W ith high soluble MDCP as the source of phosphorus,the PRR reached the highest when dietary digestible phosphorus content is 0.52%.
In this experiment,various levels of monocalcium phosphate( MCP) and high soluble monodicalcium phosphate( MDCP) were added to low-phosphorus basal diet,in order to study the effects of them on growth performance,apparent digestibility coefficients of phosphorus( ADCp) and nitrogen( ADCn),retention ratios of phosphorus( PRR) and nitrogen value( NRR),phosphorus content of vertebra and whole body,and ash content of whole body,and to determine the optimum requirement for phosphorus and the biological availability of high soluble MDCP relative to MCP of largemouth bass( Micropterus salmoides). A low-phosphorus basal diet was prepared firstly,and then 8. 86,11. 08,13. 29 and 15. 51 g/kg of MCP,and 9. 34,11.67,14.01 and 16.34 g/kg of high soluble MDCP were added into the low-phosphorus basal diet to equally supply 2.0,2.5,3.0 and 3.5 g/kg of phosphorus,respectively. The nine experimental diets were accordingly named P0,P2,P2.5,P3.0,P3. 5 and DP2. 0,DP2. 5,DP3. 0,DP3. 5. Each diet was fed to four replicates( tanks) with 40 largemouth bass [initial body weight:( 8.53±0.01) g]in each tank for 8 weeks. The results showed as follows: diets supplemented with different levels of MCP and high soluble MDCP both significantly increased the weight gain rate( W GR),ADCp,PRR and whole body ash content of the largemouth bass( P<0.05),but there were no significant differences in them between the two phosphorus sources( P> 0.05). W ith the MCP supplemental level increasing,the W GR and whole body ash content were increased firstly and then went in a stabilization trend,the PRR was increased firstly and then declined,and all of them in P0 group were the lowest. W ith the high soluble MDCP supplemental level increasing,the W GR and ADCp showed a upward tendency,the PRR was increased firstly and then decreased,and the lowest and the highest values were observed in P0 and DP3 groups,respectively( P< 0.05). The biological availability of high soluble MDCP relative to MCP is 100% and 118% based on the W GR and PRR through slope method,respectively. W ith MCP as the source of phosphorus,the W GR and PRR reach the highest when dietary digestible phosphorus content is0.51%. W ith high soluble MDCP as the source of phosphorus,the PRR reached the highest when dietary digestible phosphorus content is 0.52%.
引文
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[2]孙宏君,刘冰,曲强.钙、磷对动物的重要影响[J].畜牧兽医科技信息,2009(9):18.
[3]萧培珍,张宝彤,唐精,等.鱼类磷营养需求及原料消化率研究进展[J].中国饲料,2009(2):34-37.
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[6]YUAN Y C,YANG H J,GONG S Y,et al.Dietary phosphorus requirem ent of juvenile Chinese sucker,Myxocyprinus asiaticus[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2015,17(2):159-169.
[7]SHAO Q J,MA J J,XU Z R,et al.Dietary phosphorus requirem ent of juvenile black seabream,Sparus macrocephalus[J].Aquaculture,2008,277(1/2):92-100.
[8]ROY P K,LALL S P.Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile haddock(Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.)[J].Aquaculture,2003,221(1/2/3/4):451-468.
[9]RODEHUTSCORD M,GREGUS Z,PFEFFER E.Effect of phosphorus intake on faecal and non-faecal phosphorus excretion in rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)and the consequences for com parative phosphorus availability studies[J].Aquaculture,2000,188(3/4):383-398.
[10]JOKINEN E I,VIELMA J,AALTONEN T M,et al.The effect of dietary phosphorus deficiency on the imm une responses of European whitefish(Coregonus lavaretus L.)[J].Fish&Shellfish Im m unology,2003,15(2):159-168.
[11]姚鹰飞.吉富罗非鱼幼鱼和成鱼饲料有效磷及钙磷比的研究[D].硕士学位论文.武汉:华中农业大学,2012.
[12]郑秋珊.西伯利亚幼鲟(Acipenser baeri)磷需要量的研究[D].硕士学位论文.哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2009.
[13]朱琳.大菱鲆和牙鲆无机盐锌、磷的营养生理研究[D].硕士学位论文.青岛:中国海洋大学,2011.
[14]SUGIURA S H,HARDY R W,ROBERTS R J.The pathology of phosphorus deficiency in fish-a review[J].Journal of Fish Diseases,2004,27(5):255-265.
[15]CHENG K M,HU C Q,LIU Y N,et al.Effects of dietary calcium,phosphorus and calcium/phosphorus ratio on the growth and tissue m ineralization of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in low-salinity water[J].Aquaculture,2006,251(2/3/4):472-483.
[16]刘仙钦.军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)幼鱼饲料中适宜磷源、磷水平以及钙磷比研究[D].硕士学位论文.广州:广东海洋大学,2010.
[17]秦巍仑,杨毅,冷向军,等.不同磷酸二氢钙含量饲料中添加植酸酶对建鲤生长、磷利用、体组成和消化酶活性的影响[J].上海海洋大学学报,2015,24(3):383-390.
[18]ZHANG C X,MAI K S,AI Q H,et al.Dietary phosphorus requirem ent of juvenile Japanese seabass,Lateolabrax japonicus[J].Aquaculture,2006,255(1/2/3/4):201-209.
[19]ZHANG C X,AI Q H,MAI K S,et al.Dietary lysine requirem ent of large yellowcroaker,Pseudosciaena crocea R[J].Aquaculture,2006,253(1/2/3/4):123-127.
[20]BAEVERFJORD G,SGRD T,SHEARER K D.Developm ent and detection of phosphorus deficiency in Atlantic salm on,Salmo salar L.,parr and postsm olts[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,1998,4(1):1-11.
[21]PIMENTEL-RODRIGUES A M,OLIVA-TELES A.Phosphorus requirem ents of gilthead sea bream(Sparus aurata L.)juveniles[J].Aquaculture Research,2015,32(Suppl.1):157-161.
[22]CHAVEZ-SANCHEZ C,MARTINEZ-PALACIOS C A,MARTINEZ-PEREZ G,et al.Phosphorus and calcium requirem ents in the diet of the Am erican cichlid Cichlasoma urophthalmus(Günther)[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2015,6(1):1-9.
[23]熊文.磷源和磷浓度对黑鲷幼鱼生长性能的影响[D].硕士学位论文.杭州:浙江大学,2010.
[24]SKONBERG D I,YOGEV L,HARDY R W,et al.Metabolic response to dietary phosphorus intake in rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J].Aquaculture,1997,157(1/2):11-24.
[25]BUREAU D P,CHO C Y.Phosphorus utilization by rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchus mykiss):estim ation of dissolved phosphorus waste output[J].Aquaculture,1999,179(1/2/3/4):127-140.
[26]SCHFER A,KOPPE W M,MEYER-BURGDORFF K H,et al.Effects of a m icrobial phytase on the utilization of native phosphorus by carp in a diet based on soybean m eal[J].Water Science and Technology,1995,31(10):149-155.
[27]郑秋珊,张文璐,徐奇友,等.饲料中不同水平磷对西伯利亚幼鲟(Acipenser baeri)血浆生化指标的影响[J].水产学杂志,2009,22(1):38-41.
[28]胡王龙.饲料磷对黑鲷幼鱼生长和组织生化指标的影响[D].硕士学位论文.杭州:浙江大学,2005.
[29]陈建明,叶金云,潘茜,等.翘嘴鲌鱼种对磷的需求量[J].水生生物学报,2007,31(1):99-103.
[30]陈冰,潘庆,郑卫川,等.不同磷源对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能的影响[J].饲料工业,2007,28(10):26-28.
[31]赵朝阳,周洪琪,陈建明,等.花对饲料中磷的营养需求[J].水产学报,2008,32(4):614-620.
[32]杨雨虹,郭庆,陈松波,等.鲤鱼对不同磷源磷生物学利用率的研究[J].东北农业大学学报,2006,37(4):484-488.
[33]钟观运.不同磷源对黑鲷幼鱼生长性能的影响[D].硕士学位论文.杭州:浙江大学,2009.
[34]文华,严安生,高强,等.史氏鲟幼鲟对饲料中磷的需要量[J].水产学报,2008,32(2):242-248.
[35]蒋明,姚鹰飞,文华,等.吉富罗非鱼成鱼对饲料中有效磷的需要量[J].水产学报,2013,37(11):1725-1732.
[36]林小勇.花鲈幼鱼饲料磷需要量研究[D].硕士学位论文.杭州:浙江大学,2007.
[2]孙宏君,刘冰,曲强.钙、磷对动物的重要影响[J].畜牧兽医科技信息,2009(9):18.
[3]萧培珍,张宝彤,唐精,等.鱼类磷营养需求及原料消化率研究进展[J].中国饲料,2009(2):34-37.
[4]SUGIURA S H,MARCHANT D D,KELSEY K,et al.Effluent profile of com m ercially used low-phosphorus fish feeds[J].Environm ental Pollution,2006,140(1):95-101.
[5]SUKUMARAN K,PAL A K,SAHU N P,et al.Phosphorus requirem ent of catla(Catla catla Ham ilton)fingerlings based on growth,whole-body phosphorus concentration and non-faecal phosphorus excretion[J].Aquaculture Research,2009,40(2):139-147.
[6]YUAN Y C,YANG H J,GONG S Y,et al.Dietary phosphorus requirem ent of juvenile Chinese sucker,Myxocyprinus asiaticus[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2015,17(2):159-169.
[7]SHAO Q J,MA J J,XU Z R,et al.Dietary phosphorus requirem ent of juvenile black seabream,Sparus macrocephalus[J].Aquaculture,2008,277(1/2):92-100.
[8]ROY P K,LALL S P.Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile haddock(Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.)[J].Aquaculture,2003,221(1/2/3/4):451-468.
[9]RODEHUTSCORD M,GREGUS Z,PFEFFER E.Effect of phosphorus intake on faecal and non-faecal phosphorus excretion in rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)and the consequences for com parative phosphorus availability studies[J].Aquaculture,2000,188(3/4):383-398.
[10]JOKINEN E I,VIELMA J,AALTONEN T M,et al.The effect of dietary phosphorus deficiency on the imm une responses of European whitefish(Coregonus lavaretus L.)[J].Fish&Shellfish Im m unology,2003,15(2):159-168.
[11]姚鹰飞.吉富罗非鱼幼鱼和成鱼饲料有效磷及钙磷比的研究[D].硕士学位论文.武汉:华中农业大学,2012.
[12]郑秋珊.西伯利亚幼鲟(Acipenser baeri)磷需要量的研究[D].硕士学位论文.哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2009.
[13]朱琳.大菱鲆和牙鲆无机盐锌、磷的营养生理研究[D].硕士学位论文.青岛:中国海洋大学,2011.
[14]SUGIURA S H,HARDY R W,ROBERTS R J.The pathology of phosphorus deficiency in fish-a review[J].Journal of Fish Diseases,2004,27(5):255-265.
[15]CHENG K M,HU C Q,LIU Y N,et al.Effects of dietary calcium,phosphorus and calcium/phosphorus ratio on the growth and tissue m ineralization of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in low-salinity water[J].Aquaculture,2006,251(2/3/4):472-483.
[16]刘仙钦.军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)幼鱼饲料中适宜磷源、磷水平以及钙磷比研究[D].硕士学位论文.广州:广东海洋大学,2010.
[17]秦巍仑,杨毅,冷向军,等.不同磷酸二氢钙含量饲料中添加植酸酶对建鲤生长、磷利用、体组成和消化酶活性的影响[J].上海海洋大学学报,2015,24(3):383-390.
[18]ZHANG C X,MAI K S,AI Q H,et al.Dietary phosphorus requirem ent of juvenile Japanese seabass,Lateolabrax japonicus[J].Aquaculture,2006,255(1/2/3/4):201-209.
[19]ZHANG C X,AI Q H,MAI K S,et al.Dietary lysine requirem ent of large yellowcroaker,Pseudosciaena crocea R[J].Aquaculture,2006,253(1/2/3/4):123-127.
[20]BAEVERFJORD G,SGRD T,SHEARER K D.Developm ent and detection of phosphorus deficiency in Atlantic salm on,Salmo salar L.,parr and postsm olts[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,1998,4(1):1-11.
[21]PIMENTEL-RODRIGUES A M,OLIVA-TELES A.Phosphorus requirem ents of gilthead sea bream(Sparus aurata L.)juveniles[J].Aquaculture Research,2015,32(Suppl.1):157-161.
[22]CHAVEZ-SANCHEZ C,MARTINEZ-PALACIOS C A,MARTINEZ-PEREZ G,et al.Phosphorus and calcium requirem ents in the diet of the Am erican cichlid Cichlasoma urophthalmus(Günther)[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2015,6(1):1-9.
[23]熊文.磷源和磷浓度对黑鲷幼鱼生长性能的影响[D].硕士学位论文.杭州:浙江大学,2010.
[24]SKONBERG D I,YOGEV L,HARDY R W,et al.Metabolic response to dietary phosphorus intake in rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J].Aquaculture,1997,157(1/2):11-24.
[25]BUREAU D P,CHO C Y.Phosphorus utilization by rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchus mykiss):estim ation of dissolved phosphorus waste output[J].Aquaculture,1999,179(1/2/3/4):127-140.
[26]SCHFER A,KOPPE W M,MEYER-BURGDORFF K H,et al.Effects of a m icrobial phytase on the utilization of native phosphorus by carp in a diet based on soybean m eal[J].Water Science and Technology,1995,31(10):149-155.
[27]郑秋珊,张文璐,徐奇友,等.饲料中不同水平磷对西伯利亚幼鲟(Acipenser baeri)血浆生化指标的影响[J].水产学杂志,2009,22(1):38-41.
[28]胡王龙.饲料磷对黑鲷幼鱼生长和组织生化指标的影响[D].硕士学位论文.杭州:浙江大学,2005.
[29]陈建明,叶金云,潘茜,等.翘嘴鲌鱼种对磷的需求量[J].水生生物学报,2007,31(1):99-103.
[30]陈冰,潘庆,郑卫川,等.不同磷源对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能的影响[J].饲料工业,2007,28(10):26-28.
[31]赵朝阳,周洪琪,陈建明,等.花对饲料中磷的营养需求[J].水产学报,2008,32(4):614-620.
[32]杨雨虹,郭庆,陈松波,等.鲤鱼对不同磷源磷生物学利用率的研究[J].东北农业大学学报,2006,37(4):484-488.
[33]钟观运.不同磷源对黑鲷幼鱼生长性能的影响[D].硕士学位论文.杭州:浙江大学,2009.
[34]文华,严安生,高强,等.史氏鲟幼鲟对饲料中磷的需要量[J].水产学报,2008,32(2):242-248.
[35]蒋明,姚鹰飞,文华,等.吉富罗非鱼成鱼对饲料中有效磷的需要量[J].水产学报,2013,37(11):1725-1732.
[36]林小勇.花鲈幼鱼饲料磷需要量研究[D].硕士学位论文.杭州:浙江大学,2007.