垄膜沟灌对旱区农田土壤盐分及硝态氮运移特征的影响
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摘要
引黄水量的执行性削减加剧了河套灌区农业水资源的紧缺程度及土壤次生盐渍化问题。采取合理的节水灌溉模式对缓解河套灌区农业用水紧张、改良盐渍化土壤、营造适宜作物生长的土壤环境具有重要意义。为明晰垄膜沟灌对河套灌区土壤盐分及硝态氮运移特征的影响及调控效果,通过4次田间沟灌试验,对比研究了高水、中水、低水及高肥、低肥6个组合处理条件下土壤盐分以及土壤硝态氮的变化特征。结果表明:垄膜沟灌条件下灌水量对土壤全盐量的影响高于施肥量,中水处理土壤全盐量始终维持在一个适宜且稳定的水平。灌水量和施肥量对土壤硝态氮含量均有不同程度的影响,中、低水处理后期硝态氮的淋溶显著低于高水处理。垄膜沟灌种植模式下中水低肥处理增加了土壤水分的有效性,抑制了土壤反盐,减少了垄上硝态氮的淋溶,在节水节肥的基础上为作物的生长发育提供了一个适宜的土壤环境,利于生物量的累积及最终产量的形成,在一定程度上解决了河套灌区引黄灌溉配额减少与漫灌洗盐方式严重浪费水资源之间的矛盾,为当地垄膜沟灌技术的推广提供了一定的理论依据与技术支撑。
The reducing of yellow water quota and increasing of irrigation area aggravated the shortage of agriculture water resources and soil salinization in the Hetao Irrigation District. It is of great significance to alleviate the stress of agricultural water, improve saline soil by adopting reasonable irrigation methods, and establish a good soil environment which is suitable for crop growth in the irrigation district. In order to investigate the transport characteristics of soil salt and nitrate nitrogen under ridge with plastic mulch-furrow irrigation in the Hetao Irrigation District, four times field irrigation experiments were conducted to determine the effect of high water and high fertilizer(I1 F1), high water and low fertilizer(I1 F2), middle water and high fertilizer(I2 F1), middle water and low fertilizer(I2 F2), low water and high fertilizer(I3 F1), low water and low fertilizer(I3 F2) on soil salinity and soil nitrate nitrogen. The results showed that the irrigation amounts shows higher influence on soil salinity than fertilizer amounts under ridge with plastic mulch-furrow irrigation. The soil salt content of middle water treatment always maintained a suitable and stable level. The amount of irrigation and fertilizer had different effects on soil nitrate nitrogen content. The nitrate leaching in the later stage of middle and low water treatments was significantly lower than that of high water treatment. The treatment of middle water and low fertilizer under ridge with plastic mulch-furrow irrigation increased soil moisture availability, inhibited soil salinity, and reduced the leaching of nitrate nitrogen on the ridge, had a good desalination effect on the basis of saving water and fertilizer which provide a suitable soil environment for the growth and development of crops and conducive to the accumulation of biomass. In a certain extent, the contradiction between the reduction of yellow water quota and the severe waste of water resources in leaching salt throught flooding irrigation was solved. It provided theoretical basis and technical support for the promotion of ridge with plastic mulch-furrow irrigation technology in the Hetao Irrigation District.
The reducing of yellow water quota and increasing of irrigation area aggravated the shortage of agriculture water resources and soil salinization in the Hetao Irrigation District. It is of great significance to alleviate the stress of agricultural water, improve saline soil by adopting reasonable irrigation methods, and establish a good soil environment which is suitable for crop growth in the irrigation district. In order to investigate the transport characteristics of soil salt and nitrate nitrogen under ridge with plastic mulch-furrow irrigation in the Hetao Irrigation District, four times field irrigation experiments were conducted to determine the effect of high water and high fertilizer(I1 F1), high water and low fertilizer(I1 F2), middle water and high fertilizer(I2 F1), middle water and low fertilizer(I2 F2), low water and high fertilizer(I3 F1), low water and low fertilizer(I3 F2) on soil salinity and soil nitrate nitrogen. The results showed that the irrigation amounts shows higher influence on soil salinity than fertilizer amounts under ridge with plastic mulch-furrow irrigation. The soil salt content of middle water treatment always maintained a suitable and stable level. The amount of irrigation and fertilizer had different effects on soil nitrate nitrogen content. The nitrate leaching in the later stage of middle and low water treatments was significantly lower than that of high water treatment. The treatment of middle water and low fertilizer under ridge with plastic mulch-furrow irrigation increased soil moisture availability, inhibited soil salinity, and reduced the leaching of nitrate nitrogen on the ridge, had a good desalination effect on the basis of saving water and fertilizer which provide a suitable soil environment for the growth and development of crops and conducive to the accumulation of biomass. In a certain extent, the contradiction between the reduction of yellow water quota and the severe waste of water resources in leaching salt throught flooding irrigation was solved. It provided theoretical basis and technical support for the promotion of ridge with plastic mulch-furrow irrigation technology in the Hetao Irrigation District.
引文
[1] 郝远远,徐旭,任东阳,等.河套灌区土壤水盐和作物生长的HYDRUS-EPIC模型分布式模拟[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(11):110-116.
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[5] 张璇,郝芳华,王晓,等.河套灌区不同耕作方式下土壤磷素的流失评价[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(6):59-65.
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[9] 张立勤,马忠明,王胜哲.垄膜沟灌栽培对制种玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].西北农业学报,2007,16(4):83-86.
[10] 韩顺斌,索东让,孙宁科.垄膜沟灌模式下制种玉米施肥效率研究[J].土壤通报,2014,45(5):1188-1194.
[11] Liu X E,Li X G,Hai L,et al.How efficient is film fully-mulched ridge-furrow cropping to conserve rainfall in soil at a rainfed site?[J].Field Crops Research,2014,169:107-115.
[12] Wang H,Wang C B,Zhao X M,et al.Mulching increases water-use efficiency of peach production on the rainfed semiarid Loess Plateau of China [J].Agricultural Water Management,2015,154:20-28.
[13] 王有宁,王荣堂,董秀荣.地膜覆盖作物农田光温效应研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2004,12(3):134-136.
[14] 李波,屈忠义,王昊.河套灌区覆膜沟灌对加工番茄生长效应与品质的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32 (6):43-47.
[15] 冯浩,刘匣,余坤,等.不同覆盖方式对土壤水热与夏玉米生长的影响[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(12):192-202.
[16] Bezborodov G A,Shadmanov D K,Mirhashimov R T,et al.Mulching and water quality effects on soil salinity and sodicity dynamics and cotton productivity in Central Asia [J].Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,2010,138(1):95-102.
[17] Chen L J,Feng Q,Li F R,et al.Simulation of soil water and salt transfer under mulched furrow irrigation with saline water [J].Geoderma,2015,241/242:87-96.
[18] Robbins C W,Carter D L.Nitrate-nitrogen leached below the root zone during and following alfalfa [J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1980,9(3):447-450.
[19] 刘小刚,张富仓,田育丰,等.水氮处理对玉米根区水氮迁移和利用的影响[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(11):19-24.
[20] 童文杰.河套灌区作物耐盐性评价及种植制度优化研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2014.
[21] 马少帅.不同水肥处理对盐碱地土壤水氮盐分布及玉米生长的影响[D].太原:太原理工大学,2017.
[22] Rajak D,Manjunatha M V,Rajkumar G R,et al.Comparative effects of drip and furrow irrigation on the yield and water productivity of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) in a saline and waterlogged vertisol [J].Agricultural Water Management,2006,83(1):30-36.
[23] Liu H J,Wang X M,Zhang X,et al.Evaluation on the responses of maize ( Zea mays L.) growth,yield and water use efficiency to drip irrigation water under mulch condition in the Hetao irrigation District of China [J].Agricultural Water Management,2017,179(1):144-157.
[24] Chen L J,Qi F.Soil water and salt distribution under furrow irrigation of saline water with plastic mulch on ridge [J].Journal of Arid Land,2013,5(1):60-70.
[25] 田德龙.河套灌区盐分胁迫下水肥耦合效应响应机理及模拟研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2011.
[2] 杜军,杨培岭,李云开,等.河套灌区年内地下水埋深与矿化度的时空变化[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(7):26-31.
[3] Ren D Y,Xu X,Hao Y Y,et al.Modeling and assessing field irrigation water use in a canal system of Hetao,upper Yellow River basin:Application to maize,sunflower and watermelon [J].Journal of Hydrology,2016,532:122-139.
[4] 赵永敢.“上膜下秸”调控河套灌区盐渍土水盐运移过程与机理[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2014.
[5] 张璇,郝芳华,王晓,等.河套灌区不同耕作方式下土壤磷素的流失评价[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(6):59-65.
[6] Qadir M,Noble A D,Qureshi A S,et al.Salt-induced land and water degradation in the Aral Sea basin:A challenge to sustainable agriculture in Central Asia [J].Natural Resources Forum,2009,33(2):134-149.
[7] Zhao Y G,Pang H C,Wang J,et al.Effects of straw mulch and buried straw on soil moisture and salinity in relation to sunflower growth and yield [J].Field Crops Research,2014,161:16-25.
[8] 孟春红,杨金忠.河套灌区秋浇定额合理优选的试验研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2002(5):23-25.
[9] 张立勤,马忠明,王胜哲.垄膜沟灌栽培对制种玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].西北农业学报,2007,16(4):83-86.
[10] 韩顺斌,索东让,孙宁科.垄膜沟灌模式下制种玉米施肥效率研究[J].土壤通报,2014,45(5):1188-1194.
[11] Liu X E,Li X G,Hai L,et al.How efficient is film fully-mulched ridge-furrow cropping to conserve rainfall in soil at a rainfed site?[J].Field Crops Research,2014,169:107-115.
[12] Wang H,Wang C B,Zhao X M,et al.Mulching increases water-use efficiency of peach production on the rainfed semiarid Loess Plateau of China [J].Agricultural Water Management,2015,154:20-28.
[13] 王有宁,王荣堂,董秀荣.地膜覆盖作物农田光温效应研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2004,12(3):134-136.
[14] 李波,屈忠义,王昊.河套灌区覆膜沟灌对加工番茄生长效应与品质的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32 (6):43-47.
[15] 冯浩,刘匣,余坤,等.不同覆盖方式对土壤水热与夏玉米生长的影响[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(12):192-202.
[16] Bezborodov G A,Shadmanov D K,Mirhashimov R T,et al.Mulching and water quality effects on soil salinity and sodicity dynamics and cotton productivity in Central Asia [J].Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,2010,138(1):95-102.
[17] Chen L J,Feng Q,Li F R,et al.Simulation of soil water and salt transfer under mulched furrow irrigation with saline water [J].Geoderma,2015,241/242:87-96.
[18] Robbins C W,Carter D L.Nitrate-nitrogen leached below the root zone during and following alfalfa [J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1980,9(3):447-450.
[19] 刘小刚,张富仓,田育丰,等.水氮处理对玉米根区水氮迁移和利用的影响[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(11):19-24.
[20] 童文杰.河套灌区作物耐盐性评价及种植制度优化研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2014.
[21] 马少帅.不同水肥处理对盐碱地土壤水氮盐分布及玉米生长的影响[D].太原:太原理工大学,2017.
[22] Rajak D,Manjunatha M V,Rajkumar G R,et al.Comparative effects of drip and furrow irrigation on the yield and water productivity of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) in a saline and waterlogged vertisol [J].Agricultural Water Management,2006,83(1):30-36.
[23] Liu H J,Wang X M,Zhang X,et al.Evaluation on the responses of maize ( Zea mays L.) growth,yield and water use efficiency to drip irrigation water under mulch condition in the Hetao irrigation District of China [J].Agricultural Water Management,2017,179(1):144-157.
[24] Chen L J,Qi F.Soil water and salt distribution under furrow irrigation of saline water with plastic mulch on ridge [J].Journal of Arid Land,2013,5(1):60-70.
[25] 田德龙.河套灌区盐分胁迫下水肥耦合效应响应机理及模拟研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2011.