植被在不同降雨环境中对绿色屋顶雨水径流的影响
|
摘要
不同地区的气候条件,如季节性降雨和潜在蒸发率,可能强烈改变浅层绿色屋顶的储水性能。本研究评估了福建厦门湿旱两季的绿色屋顶储水性能,旨在为后期绿色屋顶植被选择提供基础条件。试验设计评估三组屋顶构造(传统防渗设计屋顶、仅有基质设计的屋顶和典型的浅层绿色屋顶设计(包括植被))的在降雨时期的径流情况,监测期长达一年。在冬季降雨时,屋顶上的植被对雨水保留没有显著影响,仅含基质的屋顶和植被屋顶对雨水径流量减少与传统防渗屋顶几乎一致。相反,在夏季植被屋顶比仅含基质屋顶能显著地保留更多降雨,这种效果的显著程度取决于降雨量的大小,此外,这两种屋顶的持水量明显夏季高于冬季。对于仅含基质屋顶和植被屋顶来说,额外的灌溉能显著降低其持水量,但这种情况只存在于旱季特大降雨时期。因此,福建等湿润地带对绿色屋顶的储水性能有挑战性。为了优化绿色屋顶带来的持水好处,设计师应该根据区域特征来设计,包括植被和基质的选择。
引文
[1] Booth,D.B.,Hartley,D.,Jackson,R.,Forest cover,impervious-surface area and the mitigation of stormwater impacts.[J] American Water Resource Association.2002(38):835-845.
[2] Grimm,N.,Faeth,S.H.,Golubiewski,N.E.,Redman,C.L.,Wu,J.W.,Bai,X.,Briggs,J.M.,Global change and the ecology of cities.[J] Science.2008(319):756-760.
[3] Oberndorfer,E.,Lundholm,J.,Bass,B.,Coffman,R.,Doshi,H.,Dunnett,N.,Gaffin,S.,Kohler,M.,Liu,K.,Rowe,B.,Green roofs as urban ecosystems:ecological structures,functions and services.[J] Biological Science.2007(57):823-833.
[4] Getter,K.,Rowe,D.,The role of extensive green roofs in sustainable development.[J] Horticultural science.2006(41):1276-1285.
[5] VanWoert,N.D.,Rowe,D.B.,Andresen,J.A.,Rugh,C.L.,Fernandez,R.T.,Xiao,L.,Green roof stormwater retention:effects of roof surface,slope and media depth.[J] Environmental Quality.2005(34):1036-1044.
[6] Berghage,R.,Jarrett,A.,Beattie,D.,Kelley,K.,Husain,S.,Rezai,F.,Long,B.,Negassi,A.,Cameron,R.,Quantifying evaporation and transpirational water losses fromgreen roofs and green roof media capacity for neutralizing acid rain.Report,National Decentralized Water Resources (NDWRCP) Research Project.2007.Pennsylvania State University.
[7] Dunnett,N.,Kingsbury,N.,Planting Green Roofs and Living Walls.Timber Press,2008.Portland,OR.
[8] Spolek,G.,Performance monitoring of three ecoroofs in Portland Oregon.[J] Urban Ecosystem.2008(11):349-359.
[9] Mentens,J.,Raes,D.,Hermy,M.,Green roofs as a tool for solving the rain water runoff problem in the urbanized 21st century.[J] Landscape Urban Plan.2006(77):217-226.
[10] Pypker,T.,Unsworth,M.,Bond,B.,The role of epiphytes in rainfall interception by forests in the Pacific Northwest.[J] Can.J.Forest Resource.2006(36):819-832.
[11] Anderson,M.,Lambrinos,G.,Schroll,E.,The potential value of mosses for stormwater management in urban environments.[J] Urban Ecosystem.2010(13):319-332.
[12] Dunnett,N.,Nagase,A.,Booth,R.,Grime,P.,Influence of vegetation composition on runoff in two simulated green roof experiments.[J] Urban Ecosystem.2008(11):385-398.
[13] K?hler,M.,Schmidt,M.,Grimme,F.,Laar,M.,Gusmao,F.,Urban water retention by greened roofs in temperate and tropical climate.In:Proceedings of the 38th IFLA World Congress,2001.Singapore.
[14] Hutchinson,D.,Abrams,P.,Retzlaff,R.,Liptan,T.,Storm water monitoring two ecoroofs in Portland,Oregon,U.S.A.In:Proceedings of the Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities,Portland,OR,2–4 June 2004.
[15] Carter,T.L.,Rasmussen,T.C.,Hydrologic behavior of vegetated roofs.[J] American Water Resource Association.2006(42):1261-1274.
[16] Getter,K.,Rowe,D.,Andresen,J.A.,Quantifying the effect of slope on extensive green roof stormwater retention.[J] Ecological Engineering.2007(31):225-231.
[17] Schroll,E.,Plant selection,irrigation requirements and stormwater management of Pacific Northwest extensive green roofs.2009.MS thesis,Oregon State University.
[18] Simmons,M.T.,Gardiner,B.,Windhager,S.,Tinsley,J.,Green roofs are not created equal:the hydrologic and thermal performance of six different extensive green roofs and reflective and non-reflective roofs in a sub-tropical climate.[J] Urban Ecosystem.2008(11):335-337.
[19] Bass,B.,Krayenhoff,E.S.,Martilli,A.,Stull,R.B.,Auls,H.,The impact of green roofs on Toronto’s urban heat island.In:Proceedings of the 1st North American Green Roof Conference:Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities ,Chicago,29-30 May,2003.The Cardinal Group,Toronto,pp.292-304.
[20] Yok Tan,P.,Sia,A.,A pilot green roof research project in Singapore.In:Proceedings of the 3rd North American Green Roof Conference:Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities ,Washington,DC,4-6 May,2005.The Cardinal Group,Toronto,pp.399-415.
[21] Getter,K.L.,Rowe,D.B.,Robertson,G.P.,Cregg,B.M.,Andresen,J.A.,Carbon sequestration potential of extensive green roofs.[J] Environmental Science Technology.2009(43):7564-7570.
[2] Grimm,N.,Faeth,S.H.,Golubiewski,N.E.,Redman,C.L.,Wu,J.W.,Bai,X.,Briggs,J.M.,Global change and the ecology of cities.[J] Science.2008(319):756-760.
[3] Oberndorfer,E.,Lundholm,J.,Bass,B.,Coffman,R.,Doshi,H.,Dunnett,N.,Gaffin,S.,Kohler,M.,Liu,K.,Rowe,B.,Green roofs as urban ecosystems:ecological structures,functions and services.[J] Biological Science.2007(57):823-833.
[4] Getter,K.,Rowe,D.,The role of extensive green roofs in sustainable development.[J] Horticultural science.2006(41):1276-1285.
[5] VanWoert,N.D.,Rowe,D.B.,Andresen,J.A.,Rugh,C.L.,Fernandez,R.T.,Xiao,L.,Green roof stormwater retention:effects of roof surface,slope and media depth.[J] Environmental Quality.2005(34):1036-1044.
[6] Berghage,R.,Jarrett,A.,Beattie,D.,Kelley,K.,Husain,S.,Rezai,F.,Long,B.,Negassi,A.,Cameron,R.,Quantifying evaporation and transpirational water losses fromgreen roofs and green roof media capacity for neutralizing acid rain.Report,National Decentralized Water Resources (NDWRCP) Research Project.2007.Pennsylvania State University.
[7] Dunnett,N.,Kingsbury,N.,Planting Green Roofs and Living Walls.Timber Press,2008.Portland,OR.
[8] Spolek,G.,Performance monitoring of three ecoroofs in Portland Oregon.[J] Urban Ecosystem.2008(11):349-359.
[9] Mentens,J.,Raes,D.,Hermy,M.,Green roofs as a tool for solving the rain water runoff problem in the urbanized 21st century.[J] Landscape Urban Plan.2006(77):217-226.
[10] Pypker,T.,Unsworth,M.,Bond,B.,The role of epiphytes in rainfall interception by forests in the Pacific Northwest.[J] Can.J.Forest Resource.2006(36):819-832.
[11] Anderson,M.,Lambrinos,G.,Schroll,E.,The potential value of mosses for stormwater management in urban environments.[J] Urban Ecosystem.2010(13):319-332.
[12] Dunnett,N.,Nagase,A.,Booth,R.,Grime,P.,Influence of vegetation composition on runoff in two simulated green roof experiments.[J] Urban Ecosystem.2008(11):385-398.
[13] K?hler,M.,Schmidt,M.,Grimme,F.,Laar,M.,Gusmao,F.,Urban water retention by greened roofs in temperate and tropical climate.In:Proceedings of the 38th IFLA World Congress,2001.Singapore.
[14] Hutchinson,D.,Abrams,P.,Retzlaff,R.,Liptan,T.,Storm water monitoring two ecoroofs in Portland,Oregon,U.S.A.In:Proceedings of the Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities,Portland,OR,2–4 June 2004.
[15] Carter,T.L.,Rasmussen,T.C.,Hydrologic behavior of vegetated roofs.[J] American Water Resource Association.2006(42):1261-1274.
[16] Getter,K.,Rowe,D.,Andresen,J.A.,Quantifying the effect of slope on extensive green roof stormwater retention.[J] Ecological Engineering.2007(31):225-231.
[17] Schroll,E.,Plant selection,irrigation requirements and stormwater management of Pacific Northwest extensive green roofs.2009.MS thesis,Oregon State University.
[18] Simmons,M.T.,Gardiner,B.,Windhager,S.,Tinsley,J.,Green roofs are not created equal:the hydrologic and thermal performance of six different extensive green roofs and reflective and non-reflective roofs in a sub-tropical climate.[J] Urban Ecosystem.2008(11):335-337.
[19] Bass,B.,Krayenhoff,E.S.,Martilli,A.,Stull,R.B.,Auls,H.,The impact of green roofs on Toronto’s urban heat island.In:Proceedings of the 1st North American Green Roof Conference:Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities ,Chicago,29-30 May,2003.The Cardinal Group,Toronto,pp.292-304.
[20] Yok Tan,P.,Sia,A.,A pilot green roof research project in Singapore.In:Proceedings of the 3rd North American Green Roof Conference:Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities ,Washington,DC,4-6 May,2005.The Cardinal Group,Toronto,pp.399-415.
[21] Getter,K.L.,Rowe,D.B.,Robertson,G.P.,Cregg,B.M.,Andresen,J.A.,Carbon sequestration potential of extensive green roofs.[J] Environmental Science Technology.2009(43):7564-7570.