早期饲喂对山羊羔羊瘤胃和小肠组织形态的影响
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摘要
旨在研究早期饲喂对20～60日龄山羊羔羊瘤胃和小肠组织形态的影响,并探究瘤胃和小肠组织形态发育之间的关系。本研究采取单因素试验设计,以饲喂方式为试验因子。选取72只20日龄体重相近健康的海门山羊羔羊,随机分为3组,分别为仅饲喂代乳粉组(MRO组)、代乳粉加精料组(MRC组)、代乳粉加精料加苜蓿颗粒组(MCA组),每组6个重复,每重复4只羊。试验预饲期3 d,正式期40 d。试验期间,测定羔羊的生长性能和营养物质表观消化率。在羔羊60日龄时,进行屠宰试验,测定瘤胃和小肠的组织形态。结果表明:1)在山羊羔羊20～60日龄阶段,MRO组羔羊干物质和粗蛋白采食量显著低于MCA组和MRC组(P<0.05),但干物质和粗蛋白表观消化率显著高于MCA组和MRC组(P<0.05)。2)MCA组羔羊瘤胃乳头长度和乳头宽度均显著高于MRO组(P<0.05),MRC组羔羊瘤胃乳头长度显著高于MRO组(P<0.05)。3)MCA组羔羊十二指肠隐窝深度显著高于MRO组(P<0.05),而V/C值显著低于MRO组(P<0.05);MRC组和MRO组羔羊空肠隐窝深度显著低于MCA组(P<0.05),而V/C值显著高于MCA组(P<0.05);MRC组和MCA组回肠V/C值显著低于MRO组(P<0.05)。4)可消化干物质、可消化蛋白质摄入量与瘤胃乳头长度、乳头宽度、上皮厚度、空肠、回肠隐窝深度均呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与十二指肠、回肠V/C值呈显著负相关(P<0.05);可消化NDF摄入量与瘤胃角质层厚度呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与瘤胃肌肉层厚度呈显著正相关(P<0.05);可消化NFC摄入量与瘤胃乳头长度和宽度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),但与十二指肠和回肠的V/C值呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。综上所述,早期补饲精料颗粒或者精料加苜蓿颗粒有利于瘤胃组织形态发育,但其相对于代乳粉较低的营养物质表观消化率会减缓小肠组织形态的发育。
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of early feeding on the morphology of rumen and small intestine of 20-60 day-old goat kids and to explore the relationship between rumen and small intestine morphological development. This experiment was based on a single factor design with the feeding strategy as the experimental factor. Seventy-two Haimen goat kids of 20 days of age with similar body weight were randomly divided into 3 treatments with 6 replicates in each treatment and 4 kids in each replicate. Goat kids were fed with milk replacer(MRO group), milk replacer+concentrate(MRC group), milk replacer+concentrate+alfalfa pellets(MCA group), respectively. The experiment lasted for 40 days after a 3-d adaptation period. Growth performance and nutrients apparent digestibility were determined during the trial. Slaughter experiment was carried out to determine the morphology of the rumen and small intestine on 60 days of age of the goat kids. The results showed that: 1) During the 20-60 days of age, the dry matter and crude protein intake of goat kids in MRO group were significantly lower than those in MCA and MRC groups(P<0.05). But the apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein of goat kids in MRO group were significantly higher than that in MCA and MRC groups(P<0.05). 2) The rumen papilla length and width of goat kids in MCA group were significantly higher than those in MRO group(P<0.05). The length of rumen papilla of goat kids in MRC group was significantly higher than that in MRO group(P<0.05). 3) The crypt depth of duodenal of goat kids in MCA group was significantly greater than that in MRO group(P<0.05), while the V/C value was significantly lower in MCA group compared with MRO group(P<0.05). Compared with MCA group, the jejunal crypt depth of goat kids in MRC and MRO groups were significantly decreased(P<0.05), but the V/C values were significantly increased(P<0.05). The ileal V/C values of goat kids in MRC and MCA groups were significantly decreased compared with MRO group(P<0.05). 4) The papilla length, papilla width and epithelial thickness of rumen, and the crypt depth of jejunum and ileum were positively significantly cor-related with digestible dry matter intake and digestible protein intake(P<0.05), whereas the V/C values of duodenum and ileum were negatively significantly correlated with digestible dry matter intake and digestible protein intake(P<0.05). The digestible NDF intake was negatively sig-nificantly correlated with the thickness of the rumen keratin layer(P<0.05), whereas positively significantly correlated with rumen muscle layer thickness(P<0.05). Rumen papilla length and width were positively significantly correlated with digestible NFC intake(P<0.05), whereas the V/C values of the duodenum and ileum were negatively significantly correlated with digestible NFC intake(P<0.05). Early feeding is beneficial to the development of the rumen morphology, but it may slow the development of the small intestine because of the reduced apparent digestibility of nutrients in concentrate pellets or alfalfa pellets compared with milk replacer.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of early feeding on the morphology of rumen and small intestine of 20-60 day-old goat kids and to explore the relationship between rumen and small intestine morphological development. This experiment was based on a single factor design with the feeding strategy as the experimental factor. Seventy-two Haimen goat kids of 20 days of age with similar body weight were randomly divided into 3 treatments with 6 replicates in each treatment and 4 kids in each replicate. Goat kids were fed with milk replacer(MRO group), milk replacer+concentrate(MRC group), milk replacer+concentrate+alfalfa pellets(MCA group), respectively. The experiment lasted for 40 days after a 3-d adaptation period. Growth performance and nutrients apparent digestibility were determined during the trial. Slaughter experiment was carried out to determine the morphology of the rumen and small intestine on 60 days of age of the goat kids. The results showed that: 1) During the 20-60 days of age, the dry matter and crude protein intake of goat kids in MRO group were significantly lower than those in MCA and MRC groups(P<0.05). But the apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein of goat kids in MRO group were significantly higher than that in MCA and MRC groups(P<0.05). 2) The rumen papilla length and width of goat kids in MCA group were significantly higher than those in MRO group(P<0.05). The length of rumen papilla of goat kids in MRC group was significantly higher than that in MRO group(P<0.05). 3) The crypt depth of duodenal of goat kids in MCA group was significantly greater than that in MRO group(P<0.05), while the V/C value was significantly lower in MCA group compared with MRO group(P<0.05). Compared with MCA group, the jejunal crypt depth of goat kids in MRC and MRO groups were significantly decreased(P<0.05), but the V/C values were significantly increased(P<0.05). The ileal V/C values of goat kids in MRC and MCA groups were significantly decreased compared with MRO group(P<0.05). 4) The papilla length, papilla width and epithelial thickness of rumen, and the crypt depth of jejunum and ileum were positively significantly cor-related with digestible dry matter intake and digestible protein intake(P<0.05), whereas the V/C values of duodenum and ileum were negatively significantly correlated with digestible dry matter intake and digestible protein intake(P<0.05). The digestible NDF intake was negatively sig-nificantly correlated with the thickness of the rumen keratin layer(P<0.05), whereas positively significantly correlated with rumen muscle layer thickness(P<0.05). Rumen papilla length and width were positively significantly correlated with digestible NFC intake(P<0.05), whereas the V/C values of the duodenum and ileum were negatively significantly correlated with digestible NFC intake(P<0.05). Early feeding is beneficial to the development of the rumen morphology, but it may slow the development of the small intestine because of the reduced apparent digestibility of nutrients in concentrate pellets or alfalfa pellets compared with milk replacer.
引文
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[9]KHAN M A,BACH A,WEARY D M,et al.Invited review:transitioning from milk to solid feed in dairy heifers[J].J Dairy Sci,2016,99(2):885-902.
[10]GRKA P,KOWALSKI Z M,PIETRZAK P,et al.Is rumen development in newborn calves affected by different liquid feeds and small intestine development?[J].J Dairy Sci,2011,94(6):3002-3013.
[11]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].2版.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2003.ZHANG L Y.Feed analysis and quality inspection technology[M].2nd ed.Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2003.(in Chinese)
[12]SILVA A L,MARCONDES M I,DETMANN E,et al.Effects of raw milk and starter feed onintake and body composition of Holstein×Gyr male calves up to 64days of age[J].J Dairy Sci,2015,98(4):2641-2649.
[13]LESMEISTER K E,TOZER P R,HEINRICHS A J.Development and analysis of a rumen tissue sampling procedure[J].J Dairy Sci,2004,87(5):1336-1344.
[14]LANE M A,BALDWINVI R L,JESSE B W.Sheep rumen metabolic development in response to age and dietary treatments[J].J Anim Sci,2000,78(7):1990-1996.
[15]朱宇旌,张勇.反刍动物粗饲料利用的营养调控[J].草业科学,2003,20(6):36-39.ZHU Y J,ZHANG Y.Nutrition modulation of roughage utilization for ruminant[J].Pratacultural Science,2003,20(6):36-39.(in Chinese)
[16]NIWIN′SKA B,HANCZAKOWSKA E,ARCISZE-WSKI M B,et al.Review:exogenous butyrate:implications for the functional development of ruminal epithelium and calf performance[J].Animal,2017,11(9):1522-1530.
[17]ZHANG X Z,CHEN W B,WU X,et al.Calcium propionate supplementation improves development of rumen epithelium in calves via stimulating G proteincoupled receptors[J].Animal,2018,12(11):2284-2291.
[18]SAMANYA M,YAMAUCHI K E.Histological alterations of intestinal villi in chickens fed dried Bacillus subtilis var.natto[J].Comp Biochem Physiol AMol Integr Physiol,2002,133(1):95-104.
[19]CERA K R,MAHAN D C,REINHART G A.Effect of weaning,week postweaning and diet compositionon pancreatic and small intestinal luminal lipase response in young swine[J].J Anim Sci,1990,68(2):384-391.
[20]汪晓娟,刘婷,李发弟,等.开食料补饲日龄对羔羊瘤胃和小肠组织形态的影响[J].草业学报,2016,25(4):172-178.WANG X J,LIU T,LI F D,et al.Effect of starter supply age on the morphology of the rumen and small intestine in lamb[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(4):172-178.(in Chinese)
[21]宋代军,张家骅,杨游,等.羔羊不同断奶日龄对小肠黏膜形态的影响[J].动物营养学报,2007,19(4):344-349.SONG D J,ZHANG J H,YANG Y,et al.Effect of weaning age on mucosal morphology in small intestine of goat kids[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2007,19(4):344-349.(in Chinese)
[22]王永超,姜成钢,崔祥,等.添加颗粒料对小牛肉用奶公犊牛生长性能、屠宰性能及组织器官发育的影响[J].动物营养学报,2013,25(5):1113-1122.WANG Y C,JIANG C G,CUI X,et al.Effects of pellet diet supplementation on growth performance,slaughter traits,development of tissues and organs of dairy bull calves for veal production[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2013,25(5):1113-1122.(in Chinese)
[23]郭江鹏,郝正里,李发弟,等.早期断奶对舍饲肉用羔羊消化器官发育的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2013,44(7):1078-1089.GUO J P,HAO Z L,LI F D,et al.Effect of early weaning on development of digestive organs of barn feeding lambs[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2013,44(7):1078-1089.(in Chinese)
[24]柴建民,王波,祁敏丽,等.不同开食料采食量断液体饲粮对羔羊生长发育的影响[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(2):341-350.CHAI J M,WANG B,QI M L,et al.Effect of weaning liquid diet at different level of creep feed intake on growth and development of lambs[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2018,51(2):341-350.(in Chinese)
[25]ECKERT E,BROWN H E,LESLIE K E,et al.Weaning age affects growth,feed intake,gastrointestinal development,and behavior in Holstein calves fed an elevated plane of nutrition during the preweaning stage[J].J Dairy Sci,2015,98(9):6315-6326.
[26]MIRZAEI M,KHORVASH M,GHORBANI G R,et al.Effects of supplementation level and particle size of alfalfa hay on growth characteristics and rumen development in dairy calves[J].J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr,2015,99(3):553-564.
[27]NOROUZIAN M A,VALIZADEH R.Effect of forage inclusion and particle size in diets of neonatal lambs on performance and rumen development[J].JAnim Physiol Anim Nutr,2014,98(6):1095-1101.
[28]DUNSFORD B R,KNABE D A,HAENSLY W E.Effect of dietary soybean meal on the microscopic anatomy of the small intestine in the early-weaned pig[J].J Anim Sci,1989,67(7):1855-1863.
[2]REDDY K E,JEONG J Y,LEE S D,et al.Effect of different early weaning regimens for calves on adipogenic gene expression in Hanwoo loin at the fattening stage[J].Livest Sci,2017,195:87-98.
[3]CHAI J M,MA T,WANG H C,et al.Effect of early weaning age on growth performance,nutrient digestibility,and serum parameters of lambs[J].Anim Prod Sci,2017,57(1):110-115.
[4]WANG W M,LI C,LI F D,et al.Effects of early feeding on the host rumen transcriptome and bacterial diversity in lambs[J].Sci Rep,2016,6:32479.
[5]杨斌.早期补饲苜蓿调节幼龄湖羊生长和瘤胃发育的机制研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2017.YANG B.Mechanism in growth and rumen development alteration by early alfalfa supplementation in Hu lambs[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2017.(in Chinese)
[6]王立斌.在饲喂开食料的基础上补饲苜蓿对犊牛胃肠道发育的影响[D].北京:中国农业大学,2013.WANG L B.Influence of supplementary feeding of alfalfa on the gastrointestinal tract development of calves feeding on milk and starter[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2013.(in Chinese)
[7]马俊南.不同固液比例饲喂模式对犊牛生长及胃肠道发育的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2017.MA J N.Effects of feed patterns of different solid and liquid feed ratio on growth and gastrointestinal development in calves[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2017.(in Chinese)
[8]王珊珊.两种早期断奶补饲模式对羔羊肠道屏障功能发育的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学,2015.WANG S S.Effects of two feeding modes for early weaning on the development of intestinal barrier function in lambs[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2015.(in Chinese)
[9]KHAN M A,BACH A,WEARY D M,et al.Invited review:transitioning from milk to solid feed in dairy heifers[J].J Dairy Sci,2016,99(2):885-902.
[10]GRKA P,KOWALSKI Z M,PIETRZAK P,et al.Is rumen development in newborn calves affected by different liquid feeds and small intestine development?[J].J Dairy Sci,2011,94(6):3002-3013.
[11]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].2版.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2003.ZHANG L Y.Feed analysis and quality inspection technology[M].2nd ed.Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2003.(in Chinese)
[12]SILVA A L,MARCONDES M I,DETMANN E,et al.Effects of raw milk and starter feed onintake and body composition of Holstein×Gyr male calves up to 64days of age[J].J Dairy Sci,2015,98(4):2641-2649.
[13]LESMEISTER K E,TOZER P R,HEINRICHS A J.Development and analysis of a rumen tissue sampling procedure[J].J Dairy Sci,2004,87(5):1336-1344.
[14]LANE M A,BALDWINVI R L,JESSE B W.Sheep rumen metabolic development in response to age and dietary treatments[J].J Anim Sci,2000,78(7):1990-1996.
[15]朱宇旌,张勇.反刍动物粗饲料利用的营养调控[J].草业科学,2003,20(6):36-39.ZHU Y J,ZHANG Y.Nutrition modulation of roughage utilization for ruminant[J].Pratacultural Science,2003,20(6):36-39.(in Chinese)
[16]NIWIN′SKA B,HANCZAKOWSKA E,ARCISZE-WSKI M B,et al.Review:exogenous butyrate:implications for the functional development of ruminal epithelium and calf performance[J].Animal,2017,11(9):1522-1530.
[17]ZHANG X Z,CHEN W B,WU X,et al.Calcium propionate supplementation improves development of rumen epithelium in calves via stimulating G proteincoupled receptors[J].Animal,2018,12(11):2284-2291.
[18]SAMANYA M,YAMAUCHI K E.Histological alterations of intestinal villi in chickens fed dried Bacillus subtilis var.natto[J].Comp Biochem Physiol AMol Integr Physiol,2002,133(1):95-104.
[19]CERA K R,MAHAN D C,REINHART G A.Effect of weaning,week postweaning and diet compositionon pancreatic and small intestinal luminal lipase response in young swine[J].J Anim Sci,1990,68(2):384-391.
[20]汪晓娟,刘婷,李发弟,等.开食料补饲日龄对羔羊瘤胃和小肠组织形态的影响[J].草业学报,2016,25(4):172-178.WANG X J,LIU T,LI F D,et al.Effect of starter supply age on the morphology of the rumen and small intestine in lamb[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(4):172-178.(in Chinese)
[21]宋代军,张家骅,杨游,等.羔羊不同断奶日龄对小肠黏膜形态的影响[J].动物营养学报,2007,19(4):344-349.SONG D J,ZHANG J H,YANG Y,et al.Effect of weaning age on mucosal morphology in small intestine of goat kids[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2007,19(4):344-349.(in Chinese)
[22]王永超,姜成钢,崔祥,等.添加颗粒料对小牛肉用奶公犊牛生长性能、屠宰性能及组织器官发育的影响[J].动物营养学报,2013,25(5):1113-1122.WANG Y C,JIANG C G,CUI X,et al.Effects of pellet diet supplementation on growth performance,slaughter traits,development of tissues and organs of dairy bull calves for veal production[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2013,25(5):1113-1122.(in Chinese)
[23]郭江鹏,郝正里,李发弟,等.早期断奶对舍饲肉用羔羊消化器官发育的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2013,44(7):1078-1089.GUO J P,HAO Z L,LI F D,et al.Effect of early weaning on development of digestive organs of barn feeding lambs[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2013,44(7):1078-1089.(in Chinese)
[24]柴建民,王波,祁敏丽,等.不同开食料采食量断液体饲粮对羔羊生长发育的影响[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(2):341-350.CHAI J M,WANG B,QI M L,et al.Effect of weaning liquid diet at different level of creep feed intake on growth and development of lambs[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2018,51(2):341-350.(in Chinese)
[25]ECKERT E,BROWN H E,LESLIE K E,et al.Weaning age affects growth,feed intake,gastrointestinal development,and behavior in Holstein calves fed an elevated plane of nutrition during the preweaning stage[J].J Dairy Sci,2015,98(9):6315-6326.
[26]MIRZAEI M,KHORVASH M,GHORBANI G R,et al.Effects of supplementation level and particle size of alfalfa hay on growth characteristics and rumen development in dairy calves[J].J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr,2015,99(3):553-564.
[27]NOROUZIAN M A,VALIZADEH R.Effect of forage inclusion and particle size in diets of neonatal lambs on performance and rumen development[J].JAnim Physiol Anim Nutr,2014,98(6):1095-1101.
[28]DUNSFORD B R,KNABE D A,HAENSLY W E.Effect of dietary soybean meal on the microscopic anatomy of the small intestine in the early-weaned pig[J].J Anim Sci,1989,67(7):1855-1863.