生态GDP核算体系下的差别化燃煤机组安全约束组合模型
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摘要
随着生态国内生产总值(ecologicalgrossdomestic product,Eco-GDP)核算体系的提出,燃煤机组减排带来的生态效益受到关注。为此,该文在发电收益目标函数中加入环保税和空气质量指数(air quality index,AQI)生态补偿金,提出能够驱动机组更为精细化减排的差别化燃煤机组安全约束组合(security-constrained unit commitment,SCUC)模型。该模型以环保税代替传统排污费,将燃煤机组排放的多项大气污染物纳入征税范畴;建立差别化AQI补偿金模型核算因发电计划调整、空气质量改善带来的生态效益。首先,利用高斯烟团扩散模型计算燃煤机组大气污染物排放对人口聚集区域大气污染物浓度的贡献额,即建立两者的源–受体映射关系;其次,考虑区域人口数量和AQI等级差别化因素整定补偿金调整系数;最后,以发电收入、发电成本、环保税和补偿金为优化目标,建立了Eco-GDP核算体系下的SCUC混合整数规划模型。算例表明,模型在定量评估燃煤机组计划调整对重点人居环境空气质量改善程度及由其带来的生态效益方面,具有合理性和可行性。
Under ecological gross domestic product(Eco-GDP) accounting system, the ecological benefits of emission reduction of coal-fired generation arouse worldwide concerns. This paper proposed a security-constrained unit commitment(SCUC) model for differentiated coal-fired units incorporating environmental protection tax and air quality index(AQI) ecological compensation. In the proposed model, the ecological damage of multiple air pollutants was calculated using tax instead of traditional pollution fee, and the AQI compensation model quantified the ecological benefit of power generation re-scheduling. Firstly, a Gaussian puff air dispersion model calculated the variation of regional air pollutant concentration caused by coal-fired units, namely it mapped regional air pollutant concentrations in response to the changes of generation scheduling. Secondly, the compensation was calculated considering differentiated regional population and AQI adjustment coefficients. Finally, integrating generation income, cost, tax and compensation, the SCUC model under Eco-GDP accounting system was formulated as a mixedinteger programming problem. Case studies demonstrate the validity and usefulness of the proposed model in improving air quality at densely populated regions.
Under ecological gross domestic product(Eco-GDP) accounting system, the ecological benefits of emission reduction of coal-fired generation arouse worldwide concerns. This paper proposed a security-constrained unit commitment(SCUC) model for differentiated coal-fired units incorporating environmental protection tax and air quality index(AQI) ecological compensation. In the proposed model, the ecological damage of multiple air pollutants was calculated using tax instead of traditional pollution fee, and the AQI compensation model quantified the ecological benefit of power generation re-scheduling. Firstly, a Gaussian puff air dispersion model calculated the variation of regional air pollutant concentration caused by coal-fired units, namely it mapped regional air pollutant concentrations in response to the changes of generation scheduling. Secondly, the compensation was calculated considering differentiated regional population and AQI adjustment coefficients. Finally, integrating generation income, cost, tax and compensation, the SCUC model under Eco-GDP accounting system was formulated as a mixedinteger programming problem. Case studies demonstrate the validity and usefulness of the proposed model in improving air quality at densely populated regions.
引文
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[14]王锡凡,邵成成,王秀丽,等.电动汽车充电负荷与调度控制策略综述[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(1):1-10.Wang Xifan,Shao Chengcheng,Wang Xiuli,et al.Survey of electric vehicle charging load and dispatch control strategies[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(1):1-10(in Chinese).
[15]别朝红,胡国伟,谢海鹏,等.考虑需求响应的含风电电力系统的优化调度[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(13):115-120.Bie Zhaohong,Hu Guowei,Xie Haipeng,et al.Optimal dispatch for wind power integrated systems considering demand response[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2014,38(13):115-120(in Chinese).
[16]Jiang Ruiwei,Wang Jianhui,Guan Yongpei.Robust unit commitment with wind power and pumped storage hydro[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2012,27(2):800-810.
[17]Chu K C,Jamshidi M,Levitan R.An approach to on-line power dispatch with ambient air pollution constraints[J].IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,1977,22(3):385-396.
[18]尹楠,于继来.考虑火电对空气质量影响的机组检修计划与电能分解方法[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(6):72-79.Yin Nan,Yu Jilai.Generator maintenance scheduling and electric energy decomposition method considering influence of thermal power on air quality[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(6):72-79(in Chinese).
[19]郭丹阳,高明宇,班明飞,等.考虑环境容量裕度的差别化燃煤机组组合模型[J].电力系统自动化,2018,42(12):36-43.Guo Danyang,Gao Mingyu,Ban Mingfei,et al.Differentiated coal-fired unit commitment model considering environmental capacity[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2018,42(12):36-43(in Chinese).
[20]王兵.用生态GDP核算美丽中国[J].林业与生态,2015(8):15-16.Wang Bing.Beautiful China under ecological GDPaccounting[J].Forestry and Ecology,2015(8):15-16(in Chinese).
[21]刘春腊,刘卫东,陆大道.1987-2012年中国生态补偿研究进展及趋势[J].地理科学进展,2013,32(12):1780-1792.Liu Chunla,Liu Weidong,Lu Dadao.Progress and development tendency of research on eco-compensation in China during 1987-2012[J].Progress in Geography,2013,32(12):1780-1792(in Chinese).
[22]环境保护部.环生态[2016]151号全国生态保护“十三五”规划纲要[S].北京:环境保护部,2016.Ministry of Environmental Protection.Outline of the 13th five-year plan for national ecological protection[S].Beijing:Ministry of Environmental Protection,2016(in Chinese).
[23]山东省人民政府办公厅.鲁政办字[2015]44号山东省环境空气质量生态补偿暂行办法[S].济南:山东省人民政府办公厅,2015.General Office of Shandong People’s Government.Interim procedures of Shandong Province environmental air quality ecological compensation[S].Jinan:General Office of Shandong People’s Government,2015(in Chinese).
[24]湖北省人民政府办公厅.鄂政办发[2015]89号湖北省环境空气质量生态补偿暂行办法[S].武汉:湖北省人民政府办公厅,2015.General Office of Hubei People’s Government.Interim procedures of Hubei Province environmental air quality ecological compensation[S].Wuhan:General Office of Hubei People’s Government,2015(in Chinese).
[25]夏清,钟海旺,康重庆.安全约束机组组合理论与应用的发展和展望[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(16):94-103.Xia Qing,Zhong Haiwang,Kang Chongqing.Review and prospects of the security constrained unit commitment theory and applications[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(16):94-103(in Chinese).
[26]国务院.国令第693号中华人民共和国环境保护税法实施条例[S].北京:国务院,2017.State Council.Regulation of the environmental protection tax law of the People’s Republic of China[S].Beijing:State Council,2017(in Chinese).
[27]环境保护部.HJ 633-2012环境空气质量指数(AQI)技术规定(试行)[S].北京:环境保护部,2012.Ministry of Environmental Protection.Technical regulations of the environmental air quality index(AQI)(trial version)[S].Beijing:Ministry of Environmental Protection,2012(in Chinese).
[28]Jubril A M,Olaniyan O A,Komolafe O A,et al.Economic-emission dispatch problem:A semi-definite programming approach[J].Applied Energy,2014,134:446-455.
[29]Cao Xiaoying,Roy G,Hurley W J,et al.Dispersion coefficients for Gaussian puff models[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2011,139(3):487-500.
[30]Zoras S,Triantafyllou A G,Deligiorgi D.Atmospheric stability and PM10 concentrations at far distance from elevated point sources in complex terrain:Worst-case episode study[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2006,80(4):295-302.
[31]环境保护部.GB 13223-2011火电厂大气污染物排放标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2012.Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China.GB 13223-2011 Emission standard of air pollutants for thermal power plants[S].Beijing:Ministry of Environmental Protection,2012(in Chinese).
[32]Wang Jianhui,Shahidehpour M,Li Zuyi.Securityconstrained unit commitment with volatile wind power generation[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2008,23(3):1319-1327.
[33]Ban Mingfei,Yu Jilai,Shahidehpour M,et al.Integration of power-to-hydrogen in day-ahead security-constrained unit commitment with high wind penetration[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2017,5(3):337-349.
[34]Carrion M,Arroyo J M.A computationally efficient mixed-integer linear formulation for the thermal unit commitment problem[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2006,21(3):1371-1378.
[2]史文峥,杨萌萌,张绪辉,等.燃煤电厂超低排放技术路线与协同脱除[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(16):4308-4318.Shi Wenzheng,Yang Mengmeng,Zhang Xuhui,et al.Ultra-low emission technical route of coal-fired power plants and the cooperative removal[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(16):4308-4318(in Chinese).
[3]Geng Zhaowei,Chen Qixin,Xia Qing,et al.Environmental generation scheduling considering air pollution control technologies and weather effects[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2017,32(1):127-136.
[4]耿照为,陈启鑫,夏清,等.环境协同的电力系统调度运行:内涵与展望[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(22):1-9.Geng Zhaowei,Chen Qixin,Xia Qing,et al.Dispatching and operation of power system towards environmental synergy:connotations and prospects[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(22):1-9(in Chinese).
[5]吕素,黎灿兵,曹一家,等.基于等综合煤耗微增率的火电机组节能发电调度算法[J].中国电机工程学报,2012,32(32):1-7.LüSu,Li Canbing,Cao Yijia,et al.An energy-saving generation dispatching algorithm for thermal power units based on equal comprehensive coal consumption incremental principle[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2012,32(32):1-7(in Chinese).
[6]喻洁,李扬,夏安邦.兼顾环境保护与经济效益的发电调度分布式优化策略[J].中国电机工程学报,2009,29(16):63-68.Yu Jie,Li Yang,Xia Anbang.Distributed optimization of generation dispatch schedule considering environmental protection and economic profits[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2009,29(16):63-68(in Chinese).
[7]翁振星,石立宝,徐政,等.计及风电成本的电力系统动态经济调度[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(4):514-523.Weng Zhenxing,Shi Libao,Xu Zheng,et al.Power system dynamic economic dispatch incorporating wind power cost[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(4):514-523(in Chinese).
[8]丁涛,郭庆来,柏瑞,等.考虑风电不确定性的区间经济调度模型及空间分支定界法[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(22):3707-3714.Ding Tao,Guo Qinglai,Bo Rui,et al.Interval economic dispatch model with uncertain wind power injection and spatial branch and bound method[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(22):3707-3714(in Chinese).
[9]Liu Xian,Xu W.Minimum emission dispatch constrained by stochastic wind power availability and cost[J].IEEETransactions on Power Systems,2010,25(3):1705-1713.
[10]陈道君,龚庆武,张茂林,等.考虑能源环境效益的含风电场多目标优化调度[J].中国电机工程学报,2011,31(13):10-17.Chen Daojun,Gong Qingwu,Zhang Maolin,et al.Multiobjective optimal dispatch in wind power integrated system incorporating energy-environmental efficiency[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2011,31(13):10-17(in Chinese).
[11]刘盛松,邰能灵,侯志俭,等.基于最优潮流与模糊贴近度的电力系统环境保护研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2003,23(4):21-26.Liu Shengsong,Tai Nengling,Hou Zhijian,et al.Study on environmental protection of power systems based on optimal power flow and fuzzy nearness[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2003,23(4):21-26(in Chinese).
[12]邓俊,韦化,黎静华,等.一种含四类0-1变量的机组组合混合整数线性规划模型[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(11):2770-2778.Deng Jun,Wei Hua,Li Jinghua,et al.A mixed-integer linear programming model using four sets of binary variables for the unit commitment problem[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2015,35(11):2770-2778(in Chinese).
[13]覃岭,林济铿,戴赛,等.基于改进轻鲁棒优化模型的风、火机组组合[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(15):4108-4118.Qin Ling,Lin Jikeng,Dai Sai,et al.Improved light robust optimization model based wind-thermal unit commitment[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(15):4108-4118(in Chinese).
[14]王锡凡,邵成成,王秀丽,等.电动汽车充电负荷与调度控制策略综述[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(1):1-10.Wang Xifan,Shao Chengcheng,Wang Xiuli,et al.Survey of electric vehicle charging load and dispatch control strategies[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(1):1-10(in Chinese).
[15]别朝红,胡国伟,谢海鹏,等.考虑需求响应的含风电电力系统的优化调度[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(13):115-120.Bie Zhaohong,Hu Guowei,Xie Haipeng,et al.Optimal dispatch for wind power integrated systems considering demand response[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2014,38(13):115-120(in Chinese).
[16]Jiang Ruiwei,Wang Jianhui,Guan Yongpei.Robust unit commitment with wind power and pumped storage hydro[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2012,27(2):800-810.
[17]Chu K C,Jamshidi M,Levitan R.An approach to on-line power dispatch with ambient air pollution constraints[J].IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,1977,22(3):385-396.
[18]尹楠,于继来.考虑火电对空气质量影响的机组检修计划与电能分解方法[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(6):72-79.Yin Nan,Yu Jilai.Generator maintenance scheduling and electric energy decomposition method considering influence of thermal power on air quality[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(6):72-79(in Chinese).
[19]郭丹阳,高明宇,班明飞,等.考虑环境容量裕度的差别化燃煤机组组合模型[J].电力系统自动化,2018,42(12):36-43.Guo Danyang,Gao Mingyu,Ban Mingfei,et al.Differentiated coal-fired unit commitment model considering environmental capacity[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2018,42(12):36-43(in Chinese).
[20]王兵.用生态GDP核算美丽中国[J].林业与生态,2015(8):15-16.Wang Bing.Beautiful China under ecological GDPaccounting[J].Forestry and Ecology,2015(8):15-16(in Chinese).
[21]刘春腊,刘卫东,陆大道.1987-2012年中国生态补偿研究进展及趋势[J].地理科学进展,2013,32(12):1780-1792.Liu Chunla,Liu Weidong,Lu Dadao.Progress and development tendency of research on eco-compensation in China during 1987-2012[J].Progress in Geography,2013,32(12):1780-1792(in Chinese).
[22]环境保护部.环生态[2016]151号全国生态保护“十三五”规划纲要[S].北京:环境保护部,2016.Ministry of Environmental Protection.Outline of the 13th five-year plan for national ecological protection[S].Beijing:Ministry of Environmental Protection,2016(in Chinese).
[23]山东省人民政府办公厅.鲁政办字[2015]44号山东省环境空气质量生态补偿暂行办法[S].济南:山东省人民政府办公厅,2015.General Office of Shandong People’s Government.Interim procedures of Shandong Province environmental air quality ecological compensation[S].Jinan:General Office of Shandong People’s Government,2015(in Chinese).
[24]湖北省人民政府办公厅.鄂政办发[2015]89号湖北省环境空气质量生态补偿暂行办法[S].武汉:湖北省人民政府办公厅,2015.General Office of Hubei People’s Government.Interim procedures of Hubei Province environmental air quality ecological compensation[S].Wuhan:General Office of Hubei People’s Government,2015(in Chinese).
[25]夏清,钟海旺,康重庆.安全约束机组组合理论与应用的发展和展望[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(16):94-103.Xia Qing,Zhong Haiwang,Kang Chongqing.Review and prospects of the security constrained unit commitment theory and applications[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(16):94-103(in Chinese).
[26]国务院.国令第693号中华人民共和国环境保护税法实施条例[S].北京:国务院,2017.State Council.Regulation of the environmental protection tax law of the People’s Republic of China[S].Beijing:State Council,2017(in Chinese).
[27]环境保护部.HJ 633-2012环境空气质量指数(AQI)技术规定(试行)[S].北京:环境保护部,2012.Ministry of Environmental Protection.Technical regulations of the environmental air quality index(AQI)(trial version)[S].Beijing:Ministry of Environmental Protection,2012(in Chinese).
[28]Jubril A M,Olaniyan O A,Komolafe O A,et al.Economic-emission dispatch problem:A semi-definite programming approach[J].Applied Energy,2014,134:446-455.
[29]Cao Xiaoying,Roy G,Hurley W J,et al.Dispersion coefficients for Gaussian puff models[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2011,139(3):487-500.
[30]Zoras S,Triantafyllou A G,Deligiorgi D.Atmospheric stability and PM10 concentrations at far distance from elevated point sources in complex terrain:Worst-case episode study[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2006,80(4):295-302.
[31]环境保护部.GB 13223-2011火电厂大气污染物排放标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2012.Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China.GB 13223-2011 Emission standard of air pollutants for thermal power plants[S].Beijing:Ministry of Environmental Protection,2012(in Chinese).
[32]Wang Jianhui,Shahidehpour M,Li Zuyi.Securityconstrained unit commitment with volatile wind power generation[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2008,23(3):1319-1327.
[33]Ban Mingfei,Yu Jilai,Shahidehpour M,et al.Integration of power-to-hydrogen in day-ahead security-constrained unit commitment with high wind penetration[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2017,5(3):337-349.
[34]Carrion M,Arroyo J M.A computationally efficient mixed-integer linear formulation for the thermal unit commitment problem[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2006,21(3):1371-1378.