牛磺酸影响甘油三酯代谢的研究进展
|
摘要
牛磺酸是一种广泛存在于哺乳动物组织中的小分子含硫氨基酸,结构简单且不参与蛋白质合成。牛磺酸可由甲硫氨酸和半胱氨酸合成,在鱼贝类等海产品中含量丰富,具有多种生理功能。动物实验和临床实验表明牛磺酸可显著改善肥胖,降低血清甘油三酯水平,减少肝脏脂肪蓄积。本文从细胞实验、动物实验、临床实验和流行病学调查4个方面总结了牛磺酸对脂肪代谢的影响,并主要从促进脂肪分解代谢、抑制脂肪合成、减少炎症反应和氧化应激、提高脂联素水平、与胆汁酸结合等方面归纳了牛磺酸影响脂肪代谢的作用机理,为进一步研究牛磺酸促进脂肪代谢的作用机制提供参考,也为开发以牛磺酸为功能因子、具有减肥、改善血脂及脂肪肝功能的保健品提供理论依据。
Taurine is a small molecule sulfur-containing amino acid widely exited in mammalian tissues. It has a simple structure and is not involved in protein synthesis. Taurine can be synthesized from methionine and cysteine, and is mainly found in seafood rich in fish and shellfish, and has various physiological functions. Animal experiments and clinical trials have shown that taurine can significantly inhibit obesity, and reduce serum triglyceride and hepatic fat accumulation. The present paper summarized the effect of taurine on fatty metabolism from 4 aspects: cell experiments, animal experiments, clinical trials and epidemiological investigation, and summarized the mechanism of taurine promoting fatty metabolism from the aspects of promoting lipolysis, inhibiting triglyceride synthesis, reducing inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress, improving adiponectin level and combining with bile acid. This paper provides a reference for further research on the mechanism of taurine promoting fat metabolism and a theoretical basis for the development of health products with taurine as a functional factor to reduce weight and improve the function of blood lipid and fatty liver.
Taurine is a small molecule sulfur-containing amino acid widely exited in mammalian tissues. It has a simple structure and is not involved in protein synthesis. Taurine can be synthesized from methionine and cysteine, and is mainly found in seafood rich in fish and shellfish, and has various physiological functions. Animal experiments and clinical trials have shown that taurine can significantly inhibit obesity, and reduce serum triglyceride and hepatic fat accumulation. The present paper summarized the effect of taurine on fatty metabolism from 4 aspects: cell experiments, animal experiments, clinical trials and epidemiological investigation, and summarized the mechanism of taurine promoting fatty metabolism from the aspects of promoting lipolysis, inhibiting triglyceride synthesis, reducing inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress, improving adiponectin level and combining with bile acid. This paper provides a reference for further research on the mechanism of taurine promoting fat metabolism and a theoretical basis for the development of health products with taurine as a functional factor to reduce weight and improve the function of blood lipid and fatty liver.
引文
[1]中国居民营养与慢性病状况报告(2015)[R].北京:中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会,2015.Report on Nutrition and chronic Diseases of Chinese residents(2015)[R].Beijing:state Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China,2015.
[2]Popkin BM.Will China's nutrition transition overwhelm its health care system and slow economic growth?[J].Health Aff,2008,27(4):1064-1076.
[3]Ide T,Kushiro M,Takahashi Y,et al.m RNA expression of enzymes involved in taurine biosynthesis in rat adipose tissues[J].Metabol Clin Exper,2002,51(9):1191-1197.
[4]Ripps H,Shen W.Review:taurine:a"very essential"amino acid[J].Mol Vis,2012,(18):2673-2686.
[5]Murakami S.Role of taurine in the pathogenesis of obesity[J].Mol Nutr Food Res,2015,59(7):1353-1363.
[6]Chen SW,Chen YX,Shi J,et al.The restorative effect of taurine on experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis[J].Digest Dis Sci,2006,51(12):2225-2234.
[7]Chang YY,Chou CH,Chiu CH,et al.Preventive effects of taurine on development of hepatic steatosis induced by a high-fat/cholesterol dietary habit[J].J Agric Food Chem,2011,59(1):450-457.
[8]Yanagita T,Han SY,Hu Y,et al.Taurine reduces the secretion of apolipoprotein B100 and lipids in HepG2 cells[J].Lipid Health Dis,2008,(7):38.
[9]Gentile CL,Nivala AM,Gonzales JC,et al.Experimental evidence for therapeutic potential of taurine in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease[J].Am J Phys Regulat Integr Compar Phys,2011,301(6):1710-1722.
[10]Batista TM,Ribeiro RA,da Silva PM,et al.Taurine supplementation improves liver glucose control in normal protein and malnourished mice fed a high-fat diet[J].Mol Nutr Food Res,2013,57(3):423-434.
[11]Lin S,Hirai S,Yamaguchi Y,et al.Taurine improves obesity-induced inflammatory responses and modulates the unbalanced phenotype of adipose tissue macrophages[J].Mol Nutr Food Res,2013,57(12):2155-2165.
[12]Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N,Shozawa C,Sano K,et al.Taurine(2-aminoethanesulfonic acid)deficiency creates a vicious circle promoting obesity[J].Endocrinology,2006,147(7):3276-3284.
[13]赵玉星,曹雪莲,郭俊霞,等.牛磺酸对大鼠的减重降脂作用[J].食品工业科技,2018,39(10):324-329.Zhao YX,Cao XL,Guo JX,et al.The effect of taurine on weight loss and lipid reduction in rats[J].Sci Technol Food Ind,2018,39(10):324-329.
[14]Kim KS,Oh da H,Kim JY,et al.Taurine ameliorates hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia by reducing insulin resistance and leptin level in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty(OLETF)rats with long-term diabetes[J].Exper Mol Med,2012,44(11):665-673.
[15]Nardelli TR,Ribeiro RA,Balbo SL,et al.Taurine prevents fat deposition and ameliorates plasma lipid profile in monosodium glutamate-obese rats[J].Amin Acid,2011,41(4):901-908.
[16]Cao PJ,Jin Y J,Li ME,et al.PGC-1αmay associated with the anti-obesity effect of taurine on rats induced by arcuate nucleus lesion[J].Nutr Neurosci,2016,19(2):86-93.
[17]You JS,Zhao X,Kim SH,et al.Positive correlation between serum taurine and adiponectin levels in high-fat diet-induced obesity rats[J].Adv Exper Med Biol,2013,(776):105-111.
[18]Weyer C,Funahashi T,Tanaka S,et al.Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes:close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metabol,2001,86(5):1930-1935.
[19]Zhu W,Chen S,Chen R,et al.Taurine and tea polyphenols combination ameliorate nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats[J].BMC Complement Altern Med,2017,17(1):455.
[20]Kerai MD,Waterfield CJ,Kenyon SH,et al.Taurine:protective properties against ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis and lipid peroxidation during chronic ethanol consumption in rats[J].Amin Acid,1998,15(1-2):53-76.
[21]Kim HM,Do CH,Lee DH,et al.Characterization of taurine as anti-obesity agent in C.elegans[J].J Biomed Sci,2010,17(Suppl 1):S33.
[22]Zhang M,Bi LF,Fang JH,et al.Beneficial effects of taurine on serum lipids in overweight or obese non-diabetic subjects[J].Amin Acid,2004,26(3):267-271.
[23]Lee MY,Cheong SH,Chang KJ,et al.Effect of the obesity index on plasma taurine levels in Korean female adolescents[J].Adv Exper Med Biol,2003,(526):285-290.
[24]Rosa FT,Freitas EC,Deminice R,et al.Oxidative stress and inflammation in obesity after taurine supplementation:a double-blind,placebo-controlled study[J].Eur J Nutr,2014,53(3):823-830.
[25]Ishikawa M,Arai S,Takano M,et al.Taurine's health influence on Japanese high school girls[J].J Biomed Sci,2010,17(Suppl 1):S47.
[26]Yamori Y,Liu L,Ikeda K,et al.Distribution of twenty-four hour urinary taurine excretion and association with ischemic heart disease mortality in24 populations of 16 countries:results from the WHO-CARDIAC study[J].Hypertens Res,2001,24(4):453-457.
[27]Yamori Y,Taguchi T,Mori H,et al.Low cardiovascular risks in the middle aged males and females excreting greater 24-hour urinary taurine and magnesium in 41 WHO-CARDIAC study populations in the world[J].JBiomed Sci,2010,17(Suppl 1):S21.
[28]Sagara M,Murakami S,Mizushima S,et al.Taurine in 24 hour urine is inversely related to cardiovascular risks in middle aged subjects of 50populations in the world[J].Adv Exper Med Biol,2015,(803):623-636.
[29]Pi?a-Zentella G,de la Rosa-Cuevas G,Vázquez-Meza H,et al.Taurine in adipocytes prevents insulin-mediated H2O2 generation and activates Pka and lipolysis[J].Amin Acid,2012,42(5):1927-1935.
[30]Fukuda N,Yoshitama A,Sugita S,et al.Dietary taurine reduces hepatic secretion of cholesteryl ester and enhances fatty acid oxidation in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet[J].J Nutr Sci Vitaminol,2011,57(2):144-149.
[31]周峥嵘,唐伟红,鞠小丽,等.Pgc-1α研究进展[J].江苏大学学报(医学版),2018,28(4):362-366.Zhou ZR,Tang WH,Ju XL,et al.Progress in PGC-1α[J].J Jiangsu Univ(Med Ed),2018,28(4):362-366.
[32]Matsuo K,Arai H,Muto K,et al.The antiobesity effect of the palatinose-based formula inslow is likely due to an increase in the hepatic PPAR-alpha and adipocyte PPAR-gamma gene expressions[J].J Clin Biochem Nutr,2007,40(3):234-241.
[33]Seo YS,Kim JH,Jo NY,et al.PPAR agonist treatment is effective in a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease animal model by modulating fatty-acid metabolic enzymes[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2008,23(1):102-109.
[34]Ikeda I,Hamamoto R,Uzu K,et al.Dietary gallate esters of tea catechins reduce deposition of visceral fat,hepatic triacylglycerol,and activities of hepatic enzymes related to fatty acid synthesis in rats[J].Biosci Biotechnol Biochem,2005,69(5):1049-1053.
[35]Liu LK,Chou FP,Chen YC,et al.Effects of mulberry(Morus alba L.)extracts on lipid homeostasis in vitro and in vivo[J].J Agric Food Chem,2009,57(16):7605-7611.
[36]Harada N,Ninomiya C,Osako Y,et al.Taurine alters respiratory gas exchange and nutrient metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats[J].Obesit Res,2004,12(7):1077-1084.
[37]Ghosh S,Chowdhury S,Das AK,et al.Taurine ameliorates oxidative stress induced inflammation and ER stress mediated testicular damage in STZ-induced diabetic Wistar rats[J].Food Chem Toxicol,2018,124(2019):64-80.
[38]Lumeng CN,Saltiel AR,Inflammatory links between obesity and metabolic disease[J].J Clin Investig,2011,121(6):2111-2117.
[39]Derosa G,Fogari E,D'Angelo A,et al.Adipocytokine levels in obese and non-obese subjects:an observational study[J].Inflammation,2013,36(4):914-920.
[40]BouloumiéA,Curat CA,Sengenès C,et al.Role of macrophage tissue infiltration in metabolic diseases[J].Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metabol Car,2005,8(4):347-354.
[41]Chawla A,Nguyen KD,Goh YP.Macrophage-mediated inflammation in metabolic disease[J].Nat Rev Immunol,2011,11(11):738-749.
[42]Chinetti-Gbaguidi G,Staels B.Macrophage polarization in metabolic disorders:functions and regulation[J].Curr Opin Lipidol,2011,22(5):365-372.
[43]Gladine C,Zmojdzian M,Joumard-Cubizolles L,et al.The omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid favorably modulates the inflammatory pathways and macrophage polarization within aorta of LDLR(-/-)mice[J].Gene Nutr,2014,9(5):424.
[44]Feng L,Song P,Zhou H,et al.Pentamethoxyflavanone regulates macrophage polarization and ameliorates sepsis in mice[J].Biochem Pharmacol,2014,89(1):109-118.
[45]Schuller-Levis GB,Park E.Taurine and its chloramine:modulators of immunity[J].Neurochem Res,2004,29(1):117-126.
[46]Kim KS,Ji HI,Chung H,et al.Taurine chloramine modulates the expression of adipokines through inhibition of the STAT-3 signaling pathway in differentiated human adipocytes[J].Amin Acid,2013,45(6):1415-1422.
[47]Marcinkiewicz J,Kontny E.Taurine and inflammatory diseases[J].Amin Acid,2014,46(1):7-20.
[48]Furukawa S,Fujita T,Shimabukuro M,et al.Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome[J].J Clin Invest,2004,114(12):1752-1761.
[49]Bournat JC,Brown CW.Mitochondrial dysfunction in obesity[J].Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabet Obes,2010,17(5):446-452.
[50]Talior I,Yarkoni M,Bashan N,et al.Increased glucose uptake promotes oxidative stress and PKC-δactivation in adipocytes of obese,insulin-resistant mice[J].Am J Phys Endocrinol Metabol,2003,285(2):E295-E302.
[51]Degasperi GR,Denis RG,Morari J,et al.Reactive oxygen species production is increased in the peripheral blood monocytes of obese patients[J].Metabol Clin Exper,2009,58(8):1087-1095.
[52]Vincent HK,Taylor AG.Biomarkers and potential mechanisms of obesity-induced oxidant stress in humans[J].Int J Obesit,2006,30(3):400-418.
[53]Chang L,Xu JX,Zhao J,et al.Taurine antagonized oxidative stress injury induced by homocysteine in rat vascular smooth muscle cells[J].Acta Pharm Sin,2004,25(3):341-346.
[54]Chen X,Sebastian BM,Tang H,et al.Taurine supplementation prevents ethanol-induced decrease in serum adiponectin and reduces hepatic steatosis in rats[J].Hepatology,2009,49(5):1554-1562.
[55]Galic S,Oakhill JS,Steinberg GR.Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ[J].Molec Cell Endocrinol,2010,316(2):129-139.
[56]Ahima RS.Central actions of adipocyte hormones[J].Trend Endocrinol Metabol,2005,16(7):307-313.
[57]Stefan N,Stumvoll M.Adiponectin--its role in metabolism and beyond[J].Horm Metabol Res,2002,34(9):469-474.
[58]Okamoto Y,Kihara S,Funahashi T,et al.Adiponectin:a key adipocytokine in metabolic syndrome[J].Clin Sci,2006,110(3):267-278.
[59]Lefebvre P,Cariou B,Lien F,et al.Role of bile acids and bile acid receptors in metabolic regulation[J].Phys Rev,2009,89(1):147-191.
[60]Duboc H,TachéY,Hofmann AF,et al.The bile acid TGR5 membrane receptor:from basic research to clinical application[J].Digest Liver Dis,2014,46(4):302-312.
[61]Pols TW,Noriega LG,Nomura M,et al.The bile acid membrane receptor TGR5 as an emerging target in metabolism and inflammation[J].JHepatol,2011,54(6):1263-1272.
[2]Popkin BM.Will China's nutrition transition overwhelm its health care system and slow economic growth?[J].Health Aff,2008,27(4):1064-1076.
[3]Ide T,Kushiro M,Takahashi Y,et al.m RNA expression of enzymes involved in taurine biosynthesis in rat adipose tissues[J].Metabol Clin Exper,2002,51(9):1191-1197.
[4]Ripps H,Shen W.Review:taurine:a"very essential"amino acid[J].Mol Vis,2012,(18):2673-2686.
[5]Murakami S.Role of taurine in the pathogenesis of obesity[J].Mol Nutr Food Res,2015,59(7):1353-1363.
[6]Chen SW,Chen YX,Shi J,et al.The restorative effect of taurine on experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis[J].Digest Dis Sci,2006,51(12):2225-2234.
[7]Chang YY,Chou CH,Chiu CH,et al.Preventive effects of taurine on development of hepatic steatosis induced by a high-fat/cholesterol dietary habit[J].J Agric Food Chem,2011,59(1):450-457.
[8]Yanagita T,Han SY,Hu Y,et al.Taurine reduces the secretion of apolipoprotein B100 and lipids in HepG2 cells[J].Lipid Health Dis,2008,(7):38.
[9]Gentile CL,Nivala AM,Gonzales JC,et al.Experimental evidence for therapeutic potential of taurine in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease[J].Am J Phys Regulat Integr Compar Phys,2011,301(6):1710-1722.
[10]Batista TM,Ribeiro RA,da Silva PM,et al.Taurine supplementation improves liver glucose control in normal protein and malnourished mice fed a high-fat diet[J].Mol Nutr Food Res,2013,57(3):423-434.
[11]Lin S,Hirai S,Yamaguchi Y,et al.Taurine improves obesity-induced inflammatory responses and modulates the unbalanced phenotype of adipose tissue macrophages[J].Mol Nutr Food Res,2013,57(12):2155-2165.
[12]Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N,Shozawa C,Sano K,et al.Taurine(2-aminoethanesulfonic acid)deficiency creates a vicious circle promoting obesity[J].Endocrinology,2006,147(7):3276-3284.
[13]赵玉星,曹雪莲,郭俊霞,等.牛磺酸对大鼠的减重降脂作用[J].食品工业科技,2018,39(10):324-329.Zhao YX,Cao XL,Guo JX,et al.The effect of taurine on weight loss and lipid reduction in rats[J].Sci Technol Food Ind,2018,39(10):324-329.
[14]Kim KS,Oh da H,Kim JY,et al.Taurine ameliorates hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia by reducing insulin resistance and leptin level in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty(OLETF)rats with long-term diabetes[J].Exper Mol Med,2012,44(11):665-673.
[15]Nardelli TR,Ribeiro RA,Balbo SL,et al.Taurine prevents fat deposition and ameliorates plasma lipid profile in monosodium glutamate-obese rats[J].Amin Acid,2011,41(4):901-908.
[16]Cao PJ,Jin Y J,Li ME,et al.PGC-1αmay associated with the anti-obesity effect of taurine on rats induced by arcuate nucleus lesion[J].Nutr Neurosci,2016,19(2):86-93.
[17]You JS,Zhao X,Kim SH,et al.Positive correlation between serum taurine and adiponectin levels in high-fat diet-induced obesity rats[J].Adv Exper Med Biol,2013,(776):105-111.
[18]Weyer C,Funahashi T,Tanaka S,et al.Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes:close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia[J].J Clin Endocrinol Metabol,2001,86(5):1930-1935.
[19]Zhu W,Chen S,Chen R,et al.Taurine and tea polyphenols combination ameliorate nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats[J].BMC Complement Altern Med,2017,17(1):455.
[20]Kerai MD,Waterfield CJ,Kenyon SH,et al.Taurine:protective properties against ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis and lipid peroxidation during chronic ethanol consumption in rats[J].Amin Acid,1998,15(1-2):53-76.
[21]Kim HM,Do CH,Lee DH,et al.Characterization of taurine as anti-obesity agent in C.elegans[J].J Biomed Sci,2010,17(Suppl 1):S33.
[22]Zhang M,Bi LF,Fang JH,et al.Beneficial effects of taurine on serum lipids in overweight or obese non-diabetic subjects[J].Amin Acid,2004,26(3):267-271.
[23]Lee MY,Cheong SH,Chang KJ,et al.Effect of the obesity index on plasma taurine levels in Korean female adolescents[J].Adv Exper Med Biol,2003,(526):285-290.
[24]Rosa FT,Freitas EC,Deminice R,et al.Oxidative stress and inflammation in obesity after taurine supplementation:a double-blind,placebo-controlled study[J].Eur J Nutr,2014,53(3):823-830.
[25]Ishikawa M,Arai S,Takano M,et al.Taurine's health influence on Japanese high school girls[J].J Biomed Sci,2010,17(Suppl 1):S47.
[26]Yamori Y,Liu L,Ikeda K,et al.Distribution of twenty-four hour urinary taurine excretion and association with ischemic heart disease mortality in24 populations of 16 countries:results from the WHO-CARDIAC study[J].Hypertens Res,2001,24(4):453-457.
[27]Yamori Y,Taguchi T,Mori H,et al.Low cardiovascular risks in the middle aged males and females excreting greater 24-hour urinary taurine and magnesium in 41 WHO-CARDIAC study populations in the world[J].JBiomed Sci,2010,17(Suppl 1):S21.
[28]Sagara M,Murakami S,Mizushima S,et al.Taurine in 24 hour urine is inversely related to cardiovascular risks in middle aged subjects of 50populations in the world[J].Adv Exper Med Biol,2015,(803):623-636.
[29]Pi?a-Zentella G,de la Rosa-Cuevas G,Vázquez-Meza H,et al.Taurine in adipocytes prevents insulin-mediated H2O2 generation and activates Pka and lipolysis[J].Amin Acid,2012,42(5):1927-1935.
[30]Fukuda N,Yoshitama A,Sugita S,et al.Dietary taurine reduces hepatic secretion of cholesteryl ester and enhances fatty acid oxidation in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet[J].J Nutr Sci Vitaminol,2011,57(2):144-149.
[31]周峥嵘,唐伟红,鞠小丽,等.Pgc-1α研究进展[J].江苏大学学报(医学版),2018,28(4):362-366.Zhou ZR,Tang WH,Ju XL,et al.Progress in PGC-1α[J].J Jiangsu Univ(Med Ed),2018,28(4):362-366.
[32]Matsuo K,Arai H,Muto K,et al.The antiobesity effect of the palatinose-based formula inslow is likely due to an increase in the hepatic PPAR-alpha and adipocyte PPAR-gamma gene expressions[J].J Clin Biochem Nutr,2007,40(3):234-241.
[33]Seo YS,Kim JH,Jo NY,et al.PPAR agonist treatment is effective in a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease animal model by modulating fatty-acid metabolic enzymes[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2008,23(1):102-109.
[34]Ikeda I,Hamamoto R,Uzu K,et al.Dietary gallate esters of tea catechins reduce deposition of visceral fat,hepatic triacylglycerol,and activities of hepatic enzymes related to fatty acid synthesis in rats[J].Biosci Biotechnol Biochem,2005,69(5):1049-1053.
[35]Liu LK,Chou FP,Chen YC,et al.Effects of mulberry(Morus alba L.)extracts on lipid homeostasis in vitro and in vivo[J].J Agric Food Chem,2009,57(16):7605-7611.
[36]Harada N,Ninomiya C,Osako Y,et al.Taurine alters respiratory gas exchange and nutrient metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats[J].Obesit Res,2004,12(7):1077-1084.
[37]Ghosh S,Chowdhury S,Das AK,et al.Taurine ameliorates oxidative stress induced inflammation and ER stress mediated testicular damage in STZ-induced diabetic Wistar rats[J].Food Chem Toxicol,2018,124(2019):64-80.
[38]Lumeng CN,Saltiel AR,Inflammatory links between obesity and metabolic disease[J].J Clin Investig,2011,121(6):2111-2117.
[39]Derosa G,Fogari E,D'Angelo A,et al.Adipocytokine levels in obese and non-obese subjects:an observational study[J].Inflammation,2013,36(4):914-920.
[40]BouloumiéA,Curat CA,Sengenès C,et al.Role of macrophage tissue infiltration in metabolic diseases[J].Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metabol Car,2005,8(4):347-354.
[41]Chawla A,Nguyen KD,Goh YP.Macrophage-mediated inflammation in metabolic disease[J].Nat Rev Immunol,2011,11(11):738-749.
[42]Chinetti-Gbaguidi G,Staels B.Macrophage polarization in metabolic disorders:functions and regulation[J].Curr Opin Lipidol,2011,22(5):365-372.
[43]Gladine C,Zmojdzian M,Joumard-Cubizolles L,et al.The omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid favorably modulates the inflammatory pathways and macrophage polarization within aorta of LDLR(-/-)mice[J].Gene Nutr,2014,9(5):424.
[44]Feng L,Song P,Zhou H,et al.Pentamethoxyflavanone regulates macrophage polarization and ameliorates sepsis in mice[J].Biochem Pharmacol,2014,89(1):109-118.
[45]Schuller-Levis GB,Park E.Taurine and its chloramine:modulators of immunity[J].Neurochem Res,2004,29(1):117-126.
[46]Kim KS,Ji HI,Chung H,et al.Taurine chloramine modulates the expression of adipokines through inhibition of the STAT-3 signaling pathway in differentiated human adipocytes[J].Amin Acid,2013,45(6):1415-1422.
[47]Marcinkiewicz J,Kontny E.Taurine and inflammatory diseases[J].Amin Acid,2014,46(1):7-20.
[48]Furukawa S,Fujita T,Shimabukuro M,et al.Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome[J].J Clin Invest,2004,114(12):1752-1761.
[49]Bournat JC,Brown CW.Mitochondrial dysfunction in obesity[J].Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabet Obes,2010,17(5):446-452.
[50]Talior I,Yarkoni M,Bashan N,et al.Increased glucose uptake promotes oxidative stress and PKC-δactivation in adipocytes of obese,insulin-resistant mice[J].Am J Phys Endocrinol Metabol,2003,285(2):E295-E302.
[51]Degasperi GR,Denis RG,Morari J,et al.Reactive oxygen species production is increased in the peripheral blood monocytes of obese patients[J].Metabol Clin Exper,2009,58(8):1087-1095.
[52]Vincent HK,Taylor AG.Biomarkers and potential mechanisms of obesity-induced oxidant stress in humans[J].Int J Obesit,2006,30(3):400-418.
[53]Chang L,Xu JX,Zhao J,et al.Taurine antagonized oxidative stress injury induced by homocysteine in rat vascular smooth muscle cells[J].Acta Pharm Sin,2004,25(3):341-346.
[54]Chen X,Sebastian BM,Tang H,et al.Taurine supplementation prevents ethanol-induced decrease in serum adiponectin and reduces hepatic steatosis in rats[J].Hepatology,2009,49(5):1554-1562.
[55]Galic S,Oakhill JS,Steinberg GR.Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ[J].Molec Cell Endocrinol,2010,316(2):129-139.
[56]Ahima RS.Central actions of adipocyte hormones[J].Trend Endocrinol Metabol,2005,16(7):307-313.
[57]Stefan N,Stumvoll M.Adiponectin--its role in metabolism and beyond[J].Horm Metabol Res,2002,34(9):469-474.
[58]Okamoto Y,Kihara S,Funahashi T,et al.Adiponectin:a key adipocytokine in metabolic syndrome[J].Clin Sci,2006,110(3):267-278.
[59]Lefebvre P,Cariou B,Lien F,et al.Role of bile acids and bile acid receptors in metabolic regulation[J].Phys Rev,2009,89(1):147-191.
[60]Duboc H,TachéY,Hofmann AF,et al.The bile acid TGR5 membrane receptor:from basic research to clinical application[J].Digest Liver Dis,2014,46(4):302-312.
[61]Pols TW,Noriega LG,Nomura M,et al.The bile acid membrane receptor TGR5 as an emerging target in metabolism and inflammation[J].JHepatol,2011,54(6):1263-1272.