不同耕作方式下黑土物理性状及其对玉米苗期生长的影响
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摘要
为解决东北黑土耕作深度不够,造成耕层土壤物理性状破坏的问题,以深翻(DN)为对照,研究免耕(NN)、旋耕(RN)、深松(SN)处理下土壤水分、温度、紧实度变化及其对玉米苗期生长的影响。结果表明,0~22. 5 cm土壤紧实度急剧增加,2016年NN土壤紧实度最大增幅为314. 6 k Pa,SN最大降幅为220. 8 k Pa; 2017年NN最大增幅为489. 3 k Pa,SN最大降幅为197. 3 k Pa。在2016年,耕层(0~20 cm)储水量为DN> RN> NN> SN,SN比DN降低0. 085个百分点;在2017年,NN处理耕层(0~20 cm)储水量比DN增加0. 036个百分点,SN与DN相比降低0. 066个百分点。与DN相比,NN降低表层土温,2016年降幅为0. 7℃,2017年降幅为1. 5℃。SN促进玉米根系生长发育,2016年SN处理根长度、根体积、根表面积、根干质量均呈现增加趋势,与DN相比分别增加4. 54%,19. 21%,18. 57%,14. 12%,2017年SN与DN相比根长和根干质量增加量为0. 58 cm和0. 40 g。2016年数据线性分析表明,玉米苗期根长与水分呈负线性关系,玉米苗期干物质重与紧实度呈负线性关系,与土温呈正线性关系,紧实度对玉米苗期干物质形成线性相关性强,且影响较大。综上所述,SN降低土壤紧实度,促进玉米苗期干物质积累,有利于保持产量; NN提高紧实度,降低温度,不利于玉米苗期干物质积累和产量形成。
In order to solve the problem of low soil depth and it causes the damage to the physical properties of the plough layer in Northeast China. The effect of treatment including four tillage methods,Deep mold-board tillage( DN),No-tillage( NN),Rotary tillage( RN) and Subsoiling tillage( SN) on the soil moisture,soil temperature,soil compaction,and corn growth were studied to investigate the effect of soil physical properties on the root growth and thus the corn growth. Soil compaction increaseded sharply from soil( 0-22. 5 cm). In 2016,subsoiling reduced soil compaction treatment NN increased the soil compaction significantly with a maximum of 314. 6 kPa respectively,SN soil compaction decreased the maximum value of 220. 8 kPa. In 2017,NN increased,soil compaction maximum value was 489. 3 kPa,SN decreased,soil compaction maximum value was 197. 3 kPa. Compared with the treatment DN,in 2016,compared with DN,the water content of the plough layer( 0-20 cm) was DN > RN > NN > SN,and the storage capacity of SN was 0. 085 percentage points lower than DN. In 2017,NN increased the water storage of plough layer( 0-20 cm) by 0. 036 percentage points,SN was 0. 066 percentage points lower than DN. Soil temperature of treatment NN dropped by 0. 7 ℃ in 2016 and 1. 5 ℃ in 2017. Compared with treatment DN,corn plant features of treatment SN,root length,root volume,root surface area and root dry weight showed an increasing trendby 4. 54%,19. 21%,18. 57%,14. 12% respectively. Compared with DN,the root length and root dry weight of SN increased by 0. 58 cm and 0. 40 g in 2017. The 2016 data linear analysis showed that,maize seedling root length showed a negative linear relationship with the moisture,dry matter weight showed a negative linear relationship with the compactness,but showed the positive linear relationship with the soil temperature,the compactness had a strong linear correlation with dry matter formation in maize seedling stage. In summary,SN can reduce soil compaction,promote the growth of maize root,favorable yield formation,NN can improve the compaction and reduce the temperature,which is not conducive to the accumulation of dry matter and the formation of yield in the seedling stage of maize.
In order to solve the problem of low soil depth and it causes the damage to the physical properties of the plough layer in Northeast China. The effect of treatment including four tillage methods,Deep mold-board tillage( DN),No-tillage( NN),Rotary tillage( RN) and Subsoiling tillage( SN) on the soil moisture,soil temperature,soil compaction,and corn growth were studied to investigate the effect of soil physical properties on the root growth and thus the corn growth. Soil compaction increaseded sharply from soil( 0-22. 5 cm). In 2016,subsoiling reduced soil compaction treatment NN increased the soil compaction significantly with a maximum of 314. 6 kPa respectively,SN soil compaction decreased the maximum value of 220. 8 kPa. In 2017,NN increased,soil compaction maximum value was 489. 3 kPa,SN decreased,soil compaction maximum value was 197. 3 kPa. Compared with the treatment DN,in 2016,compared with DN,the water content of the plough layer( 0-20 cm) was DN > RN > NN > SN,and the storage capacity of SN was 0. 085 percentage points lower than DN. In 2017,NN increased the water storage of plough layer( 0-20 cm) by 0. 036 percentage points,SN was 0. 066 percentage points lower than DN. Soil temperature of treatment NN dropped by 0. 7 ℃ in 2016 and 1. 5 ℃ in 2017. Compared with treatment DN,corn plant features of treatment SN,root length,root volume,root surface area and root dry weight showed an increasing trendby 4. 54%,19. 21%,18. 57%,14. 12% respectively. Compared with DN,the root length and root dry weight of SN increased by 0. 58 cm and 0. 40 g in 2017. The 2016 data linear analysis showed that,maize seedling root length showed a negative linear relationship with the moisture,dry matter weight showed a negative linear relationship with the compactness,but showed the positive linear relationship with the soil temperature,the compactness had a strong linear correlation with dry matter formation in maize seedling stage. In summary,SN can reduce soil compaction,promote the growth of maize root,favorable yield formation,NN can improve the compaction and reduce the temperature,which is not conducive to the accumulation of dry matter and the formation of yield in the seedling stage of maize.
引文
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[21]周佳佳.秸秆还田与耕作方式对玉米生长发育及产量形成的影响[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2016.
[22]李华,逄焕成,任天志,等.深旋松耕作法对东北棕壤物理性状及春玉米生长的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(3):647-656.
[2]韩晓增,邹文秀.我国东北黑土地保护与肥力提升的成效与建议[J].中国科学院院刊,2018,33(2):206-212.
[3]张少良,张兴义,于同艳,等.黑土区耕作措施对春季耕层温度的影响[J].农业现代化研究,2009(1):113-117.
[4]刘爽,张兴义.不同耕作方式对黑土农田土壤水分及利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2012(1):126-131.
[5]陈学文,张晓平,梁爱珍,等.耕作方式对黑土硬度和容重的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(2):439-444.
[6]尹小刚,刘武仁,郑洪兵,等.松辽平原中部地区应对气候干旱变化的土壤耕作技术[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(22):123-131.
[7]张少良,张兴义,于同艳,等.秸秆覆盖对农田黑土春季地温的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2010,24(6):169-173.
[8]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[9]徐缓.褐土容重,紧实度,水分动态变化及对玉米生长的影响[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2017.
[10]杨艳.不同耕作措施对农田土壤理化性质和作物产量的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2017.
[11]张俊丽,Sikander Khan Tanveer,薛菁,等.耕作方式对旱作农田土壤水热特性及夏玉米产量的影响[J].西北农业学报,2017,26(10):1446-1452.
[12]王岩,刘玉华,张立峰,等.耕作方式对冀西北栗钙土土壤物理性状及莜麦生长的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(4):109-117.
[13] Unger P W. Tillage effects on surface soil physical conditions and sorghum emergence[J]. Soil Science Society of American Journal,1984,48(6):1423-1432.
[14] Mielke L N,Wilhelm W W,Fenster C R. Soil physical characteristics of reduced tillage in a wheat-fallow system[J]. Transactions of American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1984,27(6):724-1728.
[15]杨永辉,武继承,张洁梅,等.耕作方式对土壤水分入渗、有机碳含量及土壤结构的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2017,25(2):258-266.
[16]杨永辉,武继承,毛永萍,等.免耕对土壤剖面孔隙分布特征的影响研究[J/OL].中国生态农业学报2018,DDI:10. 13930/j. cnki. cjea. 171093.
[17]张笑培,周新国,王静丽,等.耕作方式对豫东夏玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2017,36(9):13-19.
[18] Schlegel A J,Assefa Y,Haag L A,et al. Long-term tillage on yield and water use of grain sorghum and winter wheat[J]. Agronomy Journal,2018,110(1):269-280.
[19]陈继康,李素娟,张宇,等.不同耕作方式麦田土壤温度及其对气温的响应特征-土壤温度日变化及其对气温的响应[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(7):2592-2600.
[20]卿国林.耕作方式与覆盖物对土壤特性及玉米生长的影响[J].中国农业信息,2016(14):69.
[21]周佳佳.秸秆还田与耕作方式对玉米生长发育及产量形成的影响[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2016.
[22]李华,逄焕成,任天志,等.深旋松耕作法对东北棕壤物理性状及春玉米生长的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(3):647-656.