水肥一体化条件下施氮量对小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光特性及产量的影响
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摘要
为探讨水肥一体化条件下施氮量对小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光特性及籽粒产量的影响,以小麦品种济麦22为试验材料,设每公顷施纯氮0(N0)、150(N1)、180(N2)、210(N3)和240kg(N4)五个处理,通过大田试验分析了不同处理间小麦旗叶PSⅡ最大光化学量子效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、叶绿素相对含量、籽粒灌浆速率及产量的差异。结果表明,花后14~35d,小麦旗叶F_v/F_m在N3和N4处理间无显著差异,但二处理显著高于其他处理。花后0~35d,N3处理的旗叶ΦPSⅡ最高,施氮量再增加至N4时,ΦPSⅡ无显著变化。花后14~28d,N3和N4处理的旗叶叶绿素相对含量显著高于其他处理;花后35d,N3处理显著高于N4处理。粒重和灌浆速率在灌浆前期均随施氮量增加而降低;灌浆后期N3与N4处理间粒重和灌浆速率无显著差异,但二处理显著高于其他处理。籽粒产量在N3处理下最高;在施氮量增加至N4时,籽粒产量不再增加,且氮肥生产效率和氮肥农学效率分别下降了14.6%和24.0%。在本试验条件下,210kg·hm~(-2)是兼顾高产和高效的最佳施氮量。
In order to explore the effects of nitrogen application rate on flag leaf chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and grain yield under integration of micro-sprinkler irrigation and fertilization conditions of wheat,using wheat Jimai 22 as the test material,five nitrogen treatments were set up at 0(N0),150(N1),180(N2),210(N3)and 240(N4)kg·hm~(-2) levels.The flag leaf maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSⅡ(F_v/F_m),the actual photochemical efficiency(ΦPSⅡ),the relative content of flag leaf chlorophyll,grain filling rate and yield under different treatments were analyzed.The results showed that,during 14 to 35 days after anthesis of wheat,there was no significant difference in flag leaf maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSⅡ(F_v/F_m)between flag leaves of N3 and N4,which was significantly higher than that under other treatments;during 0 to 35 days after anthesis,the actual photochemical efficiency(ΦPSⅡ)of N3 was the highest.When the nitrogen application amount increased to N4,no significant increase was found inΦPSⅡ.Compared with other treatments,therelative content of flag leaf chlorophyll of N3 and N4 was significantly elevated during 14 to 28 days after anthesis,and that of N3 was significantly higher than that of N4 at 35 days after anthesis.At earlier grain filling stage,grain weight and grain filling rate were decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate;at later filling stage,those of N3 and N4 treatments were significantly higher than those under other treatments,and no significant difference was found between N3 and N4.The highest grain yield was obtained at nitrogen application rate of 210 kg·hm~(-2).When nitrogen application amount was increased to 240 kg·hm~(-2),the grain yield was increased no longer,but the nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and the nitrogen agronomic efficiency were decreased by 14.6% and 24.0%,respectively.Under this test conditions,210 kg·hm~(-2) is the best nitrogen application level with both high yield and high nitrogen efficiency.
In order to explore the effects of nitrogen application rate on flag leaf chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and grain yield under integration of micro-sprinkler irrigation and fertilization conditions of wheat,using wheat Jimai 22 as the test material,five nitrogen treatments were set up at 0(N0),150(N1),180(N2),210(N3)and 240(N4)kg·hm~(-2) levels.The flag leaf maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSⅡ(F_v/F_m),the actual photochemical efficiency(ΦPSⅡ),the relative content of flag leaf chlorophyll,grain filling rate and yield under different treatments were analyzed.The results showed that,during 14 to 35 days after anthesis of wheat,there was no significant difference in flag leaf maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSⅡ(F_v/F_m)between flag leaves of N3 and N4,which was significantly higher than that under other treatments;during 0 to 35 days after anthesis,the actual photochemical efficiency(ΦPSⅡ)of N3 was the highest.When the nitrogen application amount increased to N4,no significant increase was found inΦPSⅡ.Compared with other treatments,therelative content of flag leaf chlorophyll of N3 and N4 was significantly elevated during 14 to 28 days after anthesis,and that of N3 was significantly higher than that of N4 at 35 days after anthesis.At earlier grain filling stage,grain weight and grain filling rate were decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate;at later filling stage,those of N3 and N4 treatments were significantly higher than those under other treatments,and no significant difference was found between N3 and N4.The highest grain yield was obtained at nitrogen application rate of 210 kg·hm~(-2).When nitrogen application amount was increased to 240 kg·hm~(-2),the grain yield was increased no longer,but the nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and the nitrogen agronomic efficiency were decreased by 14.6% and 24.0%,respectively.Under this test conditions,210 kg·hm~(-2) is the best nitrogen application level with both high yield and high nitrogen efficiency.
引文
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[15]蔡剑,邹薇,陈和,等.施氮水平对啤酒大麦叶片光合、SPAD和叶绿素荧光特性的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2007,27(1):97.CAI J,ZOU W,CHEN H,et al.Effects of different nitrogen levels on photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence of leaves in malting barely[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2007,27(1):97.
[16]GAJU O,ALLARD V,MARTRE P,et al.Nitrogen partitioning and remobilization in relation to leaf senescence,grain yield and grain nitrogen concentration in wheat cultivars[J].Field Crops Research,2014,155:213.
[17]徐莹,王林林,陈炜,等.施氮量对旱地小麦强势粒和弱势粒灌浆及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2013,33(3):489.XU Y,WANG L L,CHEN W,et al.Effects of defferent nitrogen levels on grain-filling characteristics and yield of two dryland wheat cultivars for superior and inferior grain[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2013,33(3):489.
[18]王振峰,王小明,朱云集,等.不同施氮量对冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2013(5):40.WANG Z F,WANG X M,ZHU Y J,et al.Effects of nitrogen application rate on grain-filling characteristics of winter wheat[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2013(5):40.
[19]李朝苏,汤永禄,吴春,等.施氮量对四川盆地小麦生长及灌浆的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(04):873.LI C S,TANG Y L,WU C,et al.Effect of N rate on growth and grain filling of wheat in Sichuan Basin[J].Plant Nutritional and Fertilizer Science,2015,21(04):873.
[20]冯波,孔令安,张宾,等.施氮量对垄作小麦氮肥利用率和土壤硝态氮含量的影响[J].作物学报,2012,38(6):1107.FENG B,KONG L A,ZHANG B,et al.Effect of nitrogen application level on nitrogen use efficiency in wheat and soil nitrate-N content under bed planting condition[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2012(6):1107.
[21]付雪丽,王晨阳,郭天财,等.水氮互作对小麦籽粒蛋白质、淀粉含量及其组分的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(2):317.FU X L,WANG C Y,GUO T C,et al.Effects of water-nitrogen interaction on the contents and components of protein and starch in wheat grains[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(2):317.
[22]LU D J,LU F F,PAN J X,et al.The effects of cultivar and nitrogen management on wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency in the North China Plain[J].Field Crops Research,2015,171:57.
[23]WANG C Y,LIU W X,LI Q X,et al.Effects of different irrigation and nitrogen regimes on root growth and its correlation with above-ground plant parts in high-yielding wheat under field conditions[J].Field Crops Research,2014,165:138.
[24]尹飞虎,曾胜和,刘瑜,等.滴灌春麦水肥一体化肥效试验研究[J].新疆农业科学,2011,48(12):2299.YIN F H,ZENG S H,LIU Y,et al.Study on water and fertilizer coupling of drip irrigation spring wheat[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2011,48(12):2299.
[25]陈静,王迎春,李虎,等.滴灌施肥对免耕冬小麦水分利用及产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(10):1966.CHEN J,WANG Y C,LI H,et al.Effects of drip irritigation with no-tillage on water use efficiency and yield of winter wheat[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(10):1966.
[2]ZHU Z L,CHEN D L.Nitrogen fertilizer use in China:Contributions to food production,impacts on the environment and best management strategies[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2002,63:117.
[3]MALHI S S,SOON Y K,BRANDT S.Effect of growing season rainfall and tillage on the uptake and recovery of 15 N-labelled urea fertilizer by spring wheat in a semi-arid environment[J].Canadian Journal of Soil Science,2009,89(4):403.
[4]ZHAO B Q,LI X Y,LI H,et al.Results from long-term fertilizer experiments in China:The risk of groundwater pollution by nitrate[J].NJAS-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences,2011,58:177.
[5]ZHONG Y,WANG X,YANG J,et al.Exploring a suitable nitrogen fertilizer rate to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and ensure rice yields in paddy fields[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,565:420.
[6]张元帅,冯伟,张海艳,等.遮阴和施氮对冬小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(9):1177.ZHANG Y S,FENG W,ZHANG H Y,et al.Effects of shading and nitrogen rate on photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves and yield of winter wheat[J].Chinese Journal of EcoAgriculture,2016,24(9):1177.
[7]赵长星,马东辉,王月福,等.施氮量和花后土壤含水量对小麦旗叶衰老及粒重的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(11):2388.ZHAO C X,MA D H,WANG Y F,et al.Effects of nitrogen application rate and post-anthesis soil moisture content on the flag leaf senescence and kernel weight of wheat[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(11):2388.
[8]孟晓瑜,王朝辉,李富翠,等.底墒和施氮量对渭北旱塬冬小麦产量与水分利用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(2):369.MENG X Y,WANG Z H,LI F C,et al.Effects of soil moisture before sowing and nitrogen fertilization on winter wheat yield and water use on Weibei Plain of Loess Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(2):369.
[9]刘新宇,巨晓棠,张丽娟,等.不同施氮水平对冬小麦季化肥氮去向及土壤氮素平衡的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(2):296.LIU X Y,JU X T,ZHANG L J,et al.Effects of different N rates on fate of N fertilizer and balance of soil N of winter wheat[J].Plant Nutritional and Fertilizer Science,2010,16(2):296.
[10]李传哲,许仙菊,马洪波,等.水肥一体化技术提高水肥利用效率研究进展[J].江苏农业学报,2017,33(2):469.LI C Z,XU X J,MA H B,et al.Research advances in fertigation technology improving water and fertilizer use efficiency[J].Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2017,33(02):469.
[11]MON J,BRONSON K F,HUNSAKER D J,et al.Interactive effects of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation on grain yield,canopy temperature,and nitrogen use efficiency in overhead sprinkler-irrigated durum wheat[J].Field Crops Research,2016,191:54.
[12]SHANGGUAN Z P,SHAO M A,DYCKMANS J.Effects of nitrogen nutrition and water deficit on net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence in winter wheat[J].Plant Physiology,2000,156:46.
[13]徐云姬,张伟杨,钱希旸,等.施氮量对小麦籽粒灌浆的影响及其生理机制[J].麦类作物学报,2015,35(8):1119.XU Y J,ZHANG W Y,QIAN X Y,et al.Effect of nitrogen on grain filling of wheat and its physiological mechanism[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2015,35(8):1119.
[14]CAI J,JIANG D,WOLLENWEBER B,et al.Effects of nitrogen application rate on dry matter redistribution,grain yield,nitrogen use efficiency and photosynthesis in malting barley[J].Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica,2012,62(5):410.
[15]蔡剑,邹薇,陈和,等.施氮水平对啤酒大麦叶片光合、SPAD和叶绿素荧光特性的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2007,27(1):97.CAI J,ZOU W,CHEN H,et al.Effects of different nitrogen levels on photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence of leaves in malting barely[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2007,27(1):97.
[16]GAJU O,ALLARD V,MARTRE P,et al.Nitrogen partitioning and remobilization in relation to leaf senescence,grain yield and grain nitrogen concentration in wheat cultivars[J].Field Crops Research,2014,155:213.
[17]徐莹,王林林,陈炜,等.施氮量对旱地小麦强势粒和弱势粒灌浆及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2013,33(3):489.XU Y,WANG L L,CHEN W,et al.Effects of defferent nitrogen levels on grain-filling characteristics and yield of two dryland wheat cultivars for superior and inferior grain[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2013,33(3):489.
[18]王振峰,王小明,朱云集,等.不同施氮量对冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2013(5):40.WANG Z F,WANG X M,ZHU Y J,et al.Effects of nitrogen application rate on grain-filling characteristics of winter wheat[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2013(5):40.
[19]李朝苏,汤永禄,吴春,等.施氮量对四川盆地小麦生长及灌浆的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(04):873.LI C S,TANG Y L,WU C,et al.Effect of N rate on growth and grain filling of wheat in Sichuan Basin[J].Plant Nutritional and Fertilizer Science,2015,21(04):873.
[20]冯波,孔令安,张宾,等.施氮量对垄作小麦氮肥利用率和土壤硝态氮含量的影响[J].作物学报,2012,38(6):1107.FENG B,KONG L A,ZHANG B,et al.Effect of nitrogen application level on nitrogen use efficiency in wheat and soil nitrate-N content under bed planting condition[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2012(6):1107.
[21]付雪丽,王晨阳,郭天财,等.水氮互作对小麦籽粒蛋白质、淀粉含量及其组分的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(2):317.FU X L,WANG C Y,GUO T C,et al.Effects of water-nitrogen interaction on the contents and components of protein and starch in wheat grains[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(2):317.
[22]LU D J,LU F F,PAN J X,et al.The effects of cultivar and nitrogen management on wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency in the North China Plain[J].Field Crops Research,2015,171:57.
[23]WANG C Y,LIU W X,LI Q X,et al.Effects of different irrigation and nitrogen regimes on root growth and its correlation with above-ground plant parts in high-yielding wheat under field conditions[J].Field Crops Research,2014,165:138.
[24]尹飞虎,曾胜和,刘瑜,等.滴灌春麦水肥一体化肥效试验研究[J].新疆农业科学,2011,48(12):2299.YIN F H,ZENG S H,LIU Y,et al.Study on water and fertilizer coupling of drip irrigation spring wheat[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2011,48(12):2299.
[25]陈静,王迎春,李虎,等.滴灌施肥对免耕冬小麦水分利用及产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(10):1966.CHEN J,WANG Y C,LI H,et al.Effects of drip irritigation with no-tillage on water use efficiency and yield of winter wheat[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(10):1966.