海绵校园水体和底泥污染指标变化及相关性
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摘要
天津大学北洋园校区是海绵校园建设示范校园。本文以天津大学北洋园校区人工水系为研究对象,通过监测人工水系水体和底泥中各污染指标浓度的变化,研究水体和底泥中污染物的变化规律;同时,通过分析水体和底泥中不同污染指标的相关系数与多元回归决定系数,分析水体和底泥中污染物的相关性和底泥对水体水环境变化的贡献。结果表明:海绵校园人工水系水体污染物浓度与污染源分布和水体流动性有关,且夏季较好,春季较差,主要污染物为氮(其中,总氮Ⅳ类-劣Ⅴ类、氨氮为Ⅲ类-Ⅴ类)、化学需氧量(Ⅳ类-劣Ⅴ类)。同时,底泥中各污染物浓度在四个季节中无显著变化,主要污染物为氮(其中,总氮0.1～17.1 mg/kg、氨氮0.6～4.7 mg/kg)和化学需氧量(26.9～190.4 mg/kg)。另外,各污染物在水体和底泥中的浓度与全水环境浓度(水体浓度+底泥浓度)之间的多元回归决定系数存在前两者之和大于或小于全水环境的情况,说明水体与底泥对不同污染物的影响存在协同性或重合性,即海绵校园人工水系水体和底泥中各污染物存在相关性。
The Peiyang Park campus of Tianjin University is a pilot project of sponge campus construction.This paper focuses on the pollutants variation of the water and sediments in a artificial water system in the Peiyang Park campus, and the pollutants correlation between water and sediments are also analyzed by examining the correlation coefficients and multiple regression determination coefficients of the monitoring data. The results show that the water pollutants concentration are mainly determined by pollution sources and water mobility, with a low level observed in summer and a high level in winter.Most of the monitored water contaminants are nitrogen(total nitrogen from grade Ⅳ to worse than grade Ⅴ and ammonia nitrogen from grade Ⅲ to Ⅴ) and chemical oxygen demand(COD from grade Ⅳ to worse than grade Ⅴ). The sediment contaminants have no significant seasonal concentration fluctuation observed in this study, and their major components are nitrogen(total nitrogen content of 0.1-17.1 mg/kg and ammonia nitrogen content of 0.6-4.7 mg/kg) and chemical oxygen demand(COD content of 26.9-190.4 mg/kg). In addition, the sum of the determination coefficients of contaminant concentration in water and sediment is larger or smaller than the coefficient of the whole water system(i.e. contaminant concentration of water plus contaminant concentration of sediment). This indicates that the contaminants in the manmade water system are affected by the water and sediment together and significant correlations exist between the water contaminants and sediment contaminants.
The Peiyang Park campus of Tianjin University is a pilot project of sponge campus construction.This paper focuses on the pollutants variation of the water and sediments in a artificial water system in the Peiyang Park campus, and the pollutants correlation between water and sediments are also analyzed by examining the correlation coefficients and multiple regression determination coefficients of the monitoring data. The results show that the water pollutants concentration are mainly determined by pollution sources and water mobility, with a low level observed in summer and a high level in winter.Most of the monitored water contaminants are nitrogen(total nitrogen from grade Ⅳ to worse than grade Ⅴ and ammonia nitrogen from grade Ⅲ to Ⅴ) and chemical oxygen demand(COD from grade Ⅳ to worse than grade Ⅴ). The sediment contaminants have no significant seasonal concentration fluctuation observed in this study, and their major components are nitrogen(total nitrogen content of 0.1-17.1 mg/kg and ammonia nitrogen content of 0.6-4.7 mg/kg) and chemical oxygen demand(COD content of 26.9-190.4 mg/kg). In addition, the sum of the determination coefficients of contaminant concentration in water and sediment is larger or smaller than the coefficient of the whole water system(i.e. contaminant concentration of water plus contaminant concentration of sediment). This indicates that the contaminants in the manmade water system are affected by the water and sediment together and significant correlations exist between the water contaminants and sediment contaminants.
引文
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[30]HAVENS K E,JAMES R T,EAST T L,et al.N:P ratios,light limitation,and cyanobacterial dominance in a subtropical lake impacted by non-point source nutrient pollution[J].Environmental Pollution,2003,122(3):379-390.
[31]李哲,郭劲松,方芳,等.三峡水库小江回水区不同TN/TP水平下氮素形态分布和循环特点[J].湖泊科学,2009,21(4):509-517.LI Zhe,GUO Jinsong,FANG Fang,et al.Potential impact of TN/TP ratio on the cycling of nitrogen in Xiaojiang backwater area,Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2009,21(4):509-517.(in Chinese)
[32]彭近新,陈慧君.水质富营养化与防治[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1988.PENG Jinxin,CHEN Huijun.Eutrophication and prevention of water quality[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1988.(in Chinese)
[33]罗固源,康康,朱亮.水体中TN/TP与藻类产生周期及产生量的关系[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2007,30(1):142-146.LUO Guyuan,KANG Kang,ZHU Liang.Relationship between the period and quantity of algae production and TN/TP in water[J].Journal of Chongqing University(Natural Science Edition),2007,30(1):142-146.(in Chinese)
[34]聂泽宇,梁新强,邢波,等.基于氮磷比解析太湖苕溪水体营养现状及应对策略[J].生态学报,2012,32(1):48-55.NIE Zeyu,LIANG Xinqiang,XING Bo,et al.The current water trophic status in Tiaoxi River of Taihu Lake watershed and corresponding coping strategy based on N/P ratio analysis[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(1):48-55.(in Chinese)
[35]古扎拉蒂,费剑平,孙春霞.计量经济学基础[M].4版.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005.GUZHALATI,FEI Jianping,SUN Chunxia.The foundation of econometrics[M].4th ed.Beijing:Renmin University of China Press,2005.(in Chinese)
[2]张智,杨冬雪,王斌,等.某人工湖成库初期水环境特征研究[J].环境工程学报,2010,4(6):1321-1326.ZHANG Zhi,YANG Dongxue,WANG Bin,et al.study on water environment characteristics of an incipient artificial lake[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2010,4(6):1321-1326.(in Chinese)
[3]SONG K,LI L,TEDESCO L P,et al.Hyperspectral determination of eutrophication for a water supply source via genetic algorithm-partial least squares(GA-PLS)modeling[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,426(2):220-232.
[4]XU J,WEI Q,HUANG X,et al.Evaluation of human thermal comfort near urban waterbody during summer[J].Building&Environment,2010,45(4):1072-1080.
[5]曾峥.新建人工湖水质演变及影响因素研究:以重庆大学虎溪校区人工湖为例[D].重庆:重庆大学,2007.ZENG Zheng.Research on water quality evolution and influencing factors in newly-built artificial lakes:An example of artificial lake in Huxi Campus of Chongqing University[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2007.(in Chinese)
[6]张建云,王银堂,胡庆芳,等.海绵城市建设有关问题讨论[J].水科学进展,2016,27(6):793-799.ZHANG Jianyun,WANG Yintang,HU Qingfang,et al.Discussion and views on some issues of the sponage city construction in China[J].Advances in Water Science,2016,27(6):793-799.(in Chinese)
[7]张宇,杨平恒,王建力,等.小型人工湖泊水体地球化学冬夏昼夜变化对比研究:以西南大学崇德湖为例[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2016,38(6):92-98.ZHANG Yu,YANG Pingheng,WANG Jianli,et al.Diurnal variations and hydrochemical comparisons of an artificial lake in winter and summer:A case of Chongde Lake in Southwest University[J].Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science Edition),2016,38(6):92-98.(in Chinese)
[8]岳自恒.西安市人工水体富营养化研究[D].西安:长安大学,2014.YUE Ziheng.The study on artificial water eutrophication in Xi'an[D].Xi'an:Chang'an University,2014.(in Chinese)
[9]陶怡乐,张晨枫,徐琳,等.北京大学未名湖水质与底泥菌群结构的时空变化[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2017,53(6):1150-1160.TAO Yile,ZHANG Chenfeng,XU Lin,et al.Temporal and Spatial variation of the water quality and the sediment bacterial community in Weiming Lake,Peking University[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2017,53(6):1150-1160.(in Chinese)
[10]张彦,窦明,于璐.小型人工湖泊水环境变化特征分析及驱动因子识别[J].安全与环境学报,2017,17(2):746-753.ZHANG Yan,DOU Ming,YU Lu.Identification of the influential factors and analysis of the varying characteristics for the water environment of the small artificial lakes and pools[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2017,17(2):746-753.(in Chinese)
[11]贾振睿,孙力平,钟远,等.天津水上公园景观湖叶绿素a与水质因子的主成分线性多元回归分析[J].生态科学,2015,34(4):125-130.JIA Zhenrui,SUN Liping,ZHONG Yuan,et al.Principal component linear regression analysis on Chlorophyll a and environmental factors in Tianjin Aquatic Park landscape lake[J].Ecological Science,2015,34(4):125-130.(in Chinese)
[12]金相灿.中国湖泊环境[M].北京:海洋出版社,1995.JIN Xiangcan.China lake environment[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press,1995.(in Chinese)
[13]RULEY J E,RUSCH K A.Development of a simplified phosphorus management model for a shallow,subtropical,urban hypereutrophic lake[J].Ecological Engineering,2004,22(2):77-98.
[14]杨赵.湖泊沉积物中氮磷源:汇现象影响因素研究进展[J].环境科学导刊,2017,36(S1):16-19.YANG Zhao.Advances in factors influencing release of nitrogen and phosphorus in sediments[J].Environmental Science Survey,2017,36(S1):16-19.(in Chinese)
[15]王波.大明湖水质的季节变化模式及底泥磷吸附释放特性研究[D].济南:山东大学,2007WANG Bo.Seasonal variation pattern of water quality in Daming Lake and study on phosphorus adsorption and release characteristics of sediment[D].Jinan:Shandong University,2007.(in Chinese)
[16]孙洋阳.松花江哈尔滨段水质调查与底泥吸附释放特性研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2012.SUN Yangyang.Study on water quality investigation and sediment release characteristics of Harbin section of Songhua River[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2012.(in Chinese)
[17]ZHANG B,SONG X,ZHANG Y,et al.Hydrochemical characteristics and water quality assessment of surface water and groundwater in Songnen Plain,Northeast China[J].Water Research,2012,46(8):2737-2748.
[18]SHRESTHA S,KAZAMA F.Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques:A case study of the Fuji River basin,Japan[J].Environmental Modelling&Software,2007,22(4):464-475.
[19]SINGH K P,MALIK A,SINHA S.Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Gomti River(India)using multivariate statistical techniques:A case study[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2005,538(1/2):355-374.
[20]周丰,郭怀成,刘永,等.基于多元统计分析和RBFNNs的水质评价方法[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(5):846-853.ZHOU Feng,GUO Huaicheng,LIU Yong,et al.A new approach for water quality assessment based on multivariate statistical analysis and Radial Basis Function Neural Networks[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2007,27(5):846-853.(in Chinese)
[21]周丰,郭怀成,黄凯,等.基于多元统计方法的河流水质空间分析[J].水科学进展,2007,18(4):544-551.ZHOU Feng,GUO Huaicheng,HUANG Kai,et al.Multivariate statistical technique for spatial variation in river water quality[J].Advances in Water Science,2007,18(4):544-551.(in Chinese)
[22]富天乙,邹志红,王晓静.基于多元统计和水质标识指数的辽阳太子河水质评价研究[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(2):473-480.FU Tianyi,ZOU Zhihong,WANG Xiaojing.Water quality assessment of the Taizi River in Liaoyang section based on multivariate statistical analysis and water quality identification index[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(2):473-480.(in Chinese)
[23]PAPATHEODOROU G,DEMOPOULOU G,LAMBRAKIS N.A long-term study of temporal hydrochemical data in a shallow lake using multivariate statistical techniques[J].Ecological Modelling,2006,193(3/4):759-776.
[24]VAROL M,G?KOT B,BEKLEYEN A,et al.Water quality assement and apportionment of pollution sources of Tigris River(Turkey)using multivariate statistical techniques:A case study[J].River Research&Applications,2012,28(9):1428-1438.
[25]DOWNING J A,MCCAULEY E.The nitrogen:phosphorus relationship in lakes[J].Limnology&Oceanography,1992,37(5):936-945.
[26]QUIRós R.The relationship between nitrate and ammonia concentrations in the pelagic zone of lakes[J].Limnetica,2003,22(1/2):37-50.
[27]GUILDFORD S J,HECKY R E.Total nitrogen,totalphosphorus,and nutrient limitation in lakes and oceans:Is there a common relationship?[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2000,45(6):1213-1223.
[28]SMITH V H.The nitrogen and phosphorus dependence of algal biomass in lakes:An empirical and theoretical analysis[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1982,27(6):1101-1112.
[29]SMITH V H.Low nitrogen to phosphorus ratios favor dominance by blue-green algae in lake phytoplankton[J].Science,1983,221(4611):669-671.
[30]HAVENS K E,JAMES R T,EAST T L,et al.N:P ratios,light limitation,and cyanobacterial dominance in a subtropical lake impacted by non-point source nutrient pollution[J].Environmental Pollution,2003,122(3):379-390.
[31]李哲,郭劲松,方芳,等.三峡水库小江回水区不同TN/TP水平下氮素形态分布和循环特点[J].湖泊科学,2009,21(4):509-517.LI Zhe,GUO Jinsong,FANG Fang,et al.Potential impact of TN/TP ratio on the cycling of nitrogen in Xiaojiang backwater area,Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2009,21(4):509-517.(in Chinese)
[32]彭近新,陈慧君.水质富营养化与防治[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1988.PENG Jinxin,CHEN Huijun.Eutrophication and prevention of water quality[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1988.(in Chinese)
[33]罗固源,康康,朱亮.水体中TN/TP与藻类产生周期及产生量的关系[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2007,30(1):142-146.LUO Guyuan,KANG Kang,ZHU Liang.Relationship between the period and quantity of algae production and TN/TP in water[J].Journal of Chongqing University(Natural Science Edition),2007,30(1):142-146.(in Chinese)
[34]聂泽宇,梁新强,邢波,等.基于氮磷比解析太湖苕溪水体营养现状及应对策略[J].生态学报,2012,32(1):48-55.NIE Zeyu,LIANG Xinqiang,XING Bo,et al.The current water trophic status in Tiaoxi River of Taihu Lake watershed and corresponding coping strategy based on N/P ratio analysis[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(1):48-55.(in Chinese)
[35]古扎拉蒂,费剑平,孙春霞.计量经济学基础[M].4版.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005.GUZHALATI,FEI Jianping,SUN Chunxia.The foundation of econometrics[M].4th ed.Beijing:Renmin University of China Press,2005.(in Chinese)