不同类型酒糟营养成分组成差异的比较研究
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摘要
本研究旨在比较不同类型酒糟营养成分组成差异并评定其营养价值。采集了5类酒糟样品共24个,其中浓香型高粱酒糟8个,酱香型高粱酒糟4个,青稞酒糟4个,玉米酒糟3个,啤酒糟5个,分析其养分组成,并应用康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系(CNCPS)对其瘤胃降解特性进行评定,利用原子吸收法测定其铁、铜、锰、锌含量,并测定其抗营养因子单宁和硅含量。结果表明:1)啤酒糟pH和初水含量显著高于其他酒糟(P<0.05)。2)啤酒糟粗蛋白质含量最高,显著高于浓香型高粱酒糟、青稞酒糟和玉米酒糟(P<0.05)。啤酒糟和酱香型高粱酒糟中性洗涤不溶蛋白质(NDIP)含量显著高于其他酒糟(P<0.05)。浓香型高粱酒糟和酱香型高粱酒糟酸性洗涤不溶蛋白质(ADIP)含量显著高于其他酒糟(P<0.05)。玉米酒糟粗脂肪含量显著高于其他酒糟(P<0.05)。浓香型高粱酒糟的粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤木质素含量显著高于其他酒糟(P<0.05)。玉米酒糟淀粉含量显著高于其他酒糟(P<0.05),啤酒糟淀粉含量显著低于其他酒糟(P<0.05)。3)按CNCPS划分,啤酒糟快速降解碳水化合物(CA)比例显著高于其他酒糟(P<0.05),玉米酒糟中速降解碳水化合物(CB1)比例显著高于其他酒糟(P<0.05),浓香型高粱酒糟不可降解碳水化合物(CC)比例显著高于其他酒糟(P<0.05),啤酒糟慢速降解真蛋白质(PB3)比例显著高于其他酒糟(P<0.05),浓香型高粱酒糟不可降解真蛋白质(PC)比例显著高于其他酒糟(P<0.05)。4)浓香型高粱酒糟和酱香型高粱酒糟铁和锰含量显著高于其他酒糟(P<0.05),啤酒糟铜和锌含量显著高于其他酒糟(P<0.05)。5)啤酒糟单宁含量显著低于其他酒糟(P<0.05),浓香型高粱酒糟硅含量显著高于其他酒糟(P<0.05)。由此可见,不同类型酒糟营养成分组成差异较大。玉米酒糟提供了最优质的碳水化合物组分,啤酒糟提供了最优质的蛋白质组分,青稞酒糟和酱香型高粱酒糟品质较优,浓香型高粱酒糟品质最差,应根据实际生产需求合理添加。
This experiment was conducted to compare the nutrients compositions and evaluate the nutrients values of different types of distillers' grains. The 24 distillers' grains samples were divided into five categories,8 Luzhou-sorghum distillers' grains( L-SDG),4 Maotai-sorghum distillers' grains( M-SDG),4 highland barley distillers' grains( HBDG),3 corn distillers' grains( CDG),5 barley brewers' grains( BBG),analysed the nutrients compositions,evaluated ruminal fermentation characteristics by Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system( CNCPS),determined the contents of iron,copper,manganese and zinc by atomic absorption spectrometry,and determined the contents of anti-nutritional factors,such as tannin and silicon. The results showed as follows: 1) the pH and primary moisture content of BBG were significantly higher than those of other distillers' grains( P<0.05). 2) BBG had the highest content of crude protein,and significantly higher than that of L-SDG,HBDG and CDG( P<0.05). The neutral detergent insoluble protein( NDIP) content of BBG and M-SDG was significantly higher than that of other distillers' grains( P<0.05). The acid detergent insoluble protein( ADIP) content of L-SDG and M-SDG was significantly higher than that of other distillers' grains( P<0.05). The ether extract content of CDG was significantly higher than that of other distillers' grains( P<0.05). The crude fiber,neutral detergent fiber,acid washing fiber and acid detergent lignin contents of M-SDG were significantly higher than those of other distillers' grains( P<0.05). The starch content of CDG was significantly higher than that of other distillers' grains( P<0.05),the starch content of BBG was significantly lower than that of other distillers' grains( P<0.05). 3) According to the CNCPS method'division,the of carbohydrate proportion of BBG( CA) was significantly higher than that of other distillers' grains( P <0.05),the carbohydrate proportion of CDG( CB1) was significantly higher than that of other distillers' grains( P<0.05),the carbohydrate proportion of L-SDG( CC) was significantly higher than that of other distillers' grains( P<0.05),the protein proportion of BBG( PB3) was significantly higher than that of other distillers' grains( P<0.05),the protein proportion of L-SDG( PC) was significantly higher than that of other distillers' grains( P<0.05). 4) The iron and manganese contents of L-SDG and M-SDG were significantly higher than those of other distillers' grains( P<0.05),the copper and zinc contents of BBG were significantly higher than those of other distillers' grains( P<0.05). 5) The tannin content of BBG was significantly lower than that of other distillers' grains( P<0.05),the silicon content of L-SDG was significantly higher than that of other distillers' grains( P< 0. 05). It is concluded that there are differences in the conventional nutrients of different types of distillers' grains. CDG provide the highest carbohydrate quality and BBG provide the highest protein quality,HBDG and M-SDG have better quality,and the quality of L-SDG is the worst. We should add them in feed reasonably based on the actual production needs.
This experiment was conducted to compare the nutrients compositions and evaluate the nutrients values of different types of distillers' grains. The 24 distillers' grains samples were divided into five categories,8 Luzhou-sorghum distillers' grains( L-SDG),4 Maotai-sorghum distillers' grains( M-SDG),4 highland barley distillers' grains( HBDG),3 corn distillers' grains( CDG),5 barley brewers' grains( BBG),analysed the nutrients compositions,evaluated ruminal fermentation characteristics by Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system( CNCPS),determined the contents of iron,copper,manganese and zinc by atomic absorption spectrometry,and determined the contents of anti-nutritional factors,such as tannin and silicon. The results showed as follows: 1) the pH and primary moisture content of BBG were significantly higher than those of other distillers' grains( P<0.05). 2) BBG had the highest content of crude protein,and significantly higher than that of L-SDG,HBDG and CDG( P<0.05). The neutral detergent insoluble protein( NDIP) content of BBG and M-SDG was significantly higher than that of other distillers' grains( P<0.05). The acid detergent insoluble protein( ADIP) content of L-SDG and M-SDG was significantly higher than that of other distillers' grains( P<0.05). The ether extract content of CDG was significantly higher than that of other distillers' grains( P<0.05). The crude fiber,neutral detergent fiber,acid washing fiber and acid detergent lignin contents of M-SDG were significantly higher than those of other distillers' grains( P<0.05). The starch content of CDG was significantly higher than that of other distillers' grains( P<0.05),the starch content of BBG was significantly lower than that of other distillers' grains( P<0.05). 3) According to the CNCPS method'division,the of carbohydrate proportion of BBG( CA) was significantly higher than that of other distillers' grains( P <0.05),the carbohydrate proportion of CDG( CB1) was significantly higher than that of other distillers' grains( P<0.05),the carbohydrate proportion of L-SDG( CC) was significantly higher than that of other distillers' grains( P<0.05),the protein proportion of BBG( PB3) was significantly higher than that of other distillers' grains( P<0.05),the protein proportion of L-SDG( PC) was significantly higher than that of other distillers' grains( P<0.05). 4) The iron and manganese contents of L-SDG and M-SDG were significantly higher than those of other distillers' grains( P<0.05),the copper and zinc contents of BBG were significantly higher than those of other distillers' grains( P<0.05). 5) The tannin content of BBG was significantly lower than that of other distillers' grains( P<0.05),the silicon content of L-SDG was significantly higher than that of other distillers' grains( P< 0. 05). It is concluded that there are differences in the conventional nutrients of different types of distillers' grains. CDG provide the highest carbohydrate quality and BBG provide the highest protein quality,HBDG and M-SDG have better quality,and the quality of L-SDG is the worst. We should add them in feed reasonably based on the actual production needs.
引文
[1]信春晖,许玲,于盼盼,等.浅述粮谷原料在白酒酿造中的作用[J].酿酒,2016,43(5):44-48.
[2]李大和.试谈中国白酒的香型[J].酿酒科技,2013(10):104-106.
[3]谢正军,曹镜明,万建华.白酒糟饲用价值分析与应用探讨[J].饲料工业,2014,35(12):51-53.
[4]FOX D G,TEDESCHI L O,TYLUTKI T P,et al.The Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system m odel for evaluating herd nutrition and nutrient excretion[J].Anim al Feed Science&Technology,2004,112(1/2/3/4):29-78.
[5]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].2版.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2003.
[6]VAN SOEST P J.Development of a comprehensive system of feed analyses and its application to forages[J].Journal of Animalence,1967,26(1):119.
[7]KRISHNAMOORTHY U,SNIFFEN C J,STERN M D,et al.Evaluation of a m athem atical m odel of rum en digestion and an in vitro sim ulation of rum en proteolysis to estim ate the rum en-undegraded nitrogen content of feedstuffs[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1983,50(3):555-568.
[8]LICITRA G,HERNANDEZ T M,VAN SOEST P J.Standardization of procedures for nitrogen fraction on rum inant feeds[J].Anim al Feed Science and Technology,1996,57(4):347-358.
[9]ALONSO V,CAVAGLIERI L,RAMOS A J,et al.M odelling the effect of p H and w ater activity in the grow th of Aspergillus fum igatus isolated from corn silage[J].Journal of Applied M icrobiology,2017,122(4):1048-1056.
[10]戴伟民,张克勤,段彬伍,等.测定水稻硅含量的一种简易方法[J].中国水稻科学,2005,19(5):460-462.
[11]SNIFFEN C J,O’CONNOR J D,VAN SOEST P J,et al.A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets:Ⅱ.Carbohydrate and protein availability[J].Journal of Anim al Science,1992,70(11):3562-3577.
[12]徐建,陈代文,毛倩,等.白酒糟的营养价值评定[J].中国畜牧杂志,2012,48(7):47-50.
[13]谭之磊,刘建辉,马凯,等.白酒糟综合利用新技术[J].广东化工,2015,42(7):72-73.
[14]焦肖飞,刘建学,韩四海,等.复合菌生物转化白酒糟发酵条件的优化[J].食品科学,2015,36(17):164-168.
[15]杨嘉伟.玉米酒糟浸出脱脂研究[D].硕士学位论文.无锡:江南大学,2013.
[16]KELZER J M,KONONOFF P J,TEDESCHI L O,et al.Evaluation of protein fractionation and rum inal and intestinal digestibility of corn m illing co-products[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2010,93(6):2803-2815.
[17]李颖丽.内蒙古地区奶牛饲料CNCPS体系数据库的建立[D].硕士学位论文.呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2010.
[18]夏中生.饲料学[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005.
[19]吴发莉.不同区域和季节对高寒天然牧草品质的影响[D].硕士学位论文.雅安:四川农业大学,2014.
[20]徐建.白酒糟对猪营养价值的评定[D].硕士学位论文.雅安:四川农业大学,2011.
[21]陈艳.肉牛常用饲料营养价值评定[D].硕士学位论文.雅安:四川农业大学,2014.
[22]YU P Q,NUEZ-ORTIN W G.Relationship of protein m olecular structure to m etabolisable proteins in different types of dried distillers grains w ith solubles:a novel approach[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2010,104(10):1429-1437.
[23]史丹丹,张永根.玉米DDGS作为反刍动物能量或蛋白饲料原料的营养价值[C]//中国林牧渔业经济学会饲料经济专业委员会第五届学术交流大会论文集.三亚:中国林牧渔业经济学会,2008:92-97.
[24]吕玉玲,周玉香,肖桂萍.反刍动物常用饲料营养价值的评定[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2011(9):86-87.
[25]ADAMS R S.Variability in mineral and trace element content of dairy cattle feeds[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1975,58(10):1538-1548.
[26]张雅雪.酒糟菌糠的成分分析及其对肉鸭免疫功能和肠道主要菌群的影响[D].硕士学位论文.雅安:四川农业大学,2011.
[27]范占炼.上海地区奶牛非常规饲料的安全评估及应用[D].博士学位论文.南京:南京农业大学,2013.
[28]王晓力,王春梅,王永刚,等.酒糟营养成分检测及其酶水解研究[J].中国草食动物科学,2014,34(1):28-31.
[29]房进广.麦瑞加拉鲮对12种饲料原料表观消化率及其饲料中适宜蛋能比的研究[D].硕士学位论文.武汉:华中农业大学,2016.
[30]穆志新,田翔,师颖.高粱中单宁含量的检测方法分析[J].山西农业科学,2014,42(6):551-553.
[31]CORTES J E,MORENO B,PABON M L,et al.Effects of purified condensed tannins extracted from Calliandra,Flemingia and Leucaena on rum inal and postrum inal degradation of soybean m eal as estim ated in vitro[J].Anim al Feed Science and Technology,2009,151(3/4):194-204.
[32]郭旭凯,杨玲,张福耀,等.高粱子粒理化特性与清香型大曲白酒酿造关系的研究[J].中国酿造,2016,35(12):40-43.
[33]张志刚,吴生文,陈飞.大曲酶系在白酒生产中的研究现状及发展方向[J].中国酿造,2011,30(1):13-16.
[34]王红彦,王道龙,李建政,等.中国稻壳资源量估算及其开发利用[J].江苏农业科学,2012,40(1):298-300.
[35]李青.贵州省白酒酒糟综合利用的探讨[J].酿酒科技,2014(10):92-93.
[36]翟桂玉,张新铨.硅在动物营养中的作用[J].饲料与畜牧,1992(2):19-20.
[37]周闯,何成华,司慧民,等.2012年国内饲料及原料霉菌毒素污染调查分析[J].畜牧与兽医,2014,46(1):81-84.
[38]LBRYDEN W L.霉菌毒素研究现状及未来挑战[J].中国家禽,2014,36(2):34-37.
[2]李大和.试谈中国白酒的香型[J].酿酒科技,2013(10):104-106.
[3]谢正军,曹镜明,万建华.白酒糟饲用价值分析与应用探讨[J].饲料工业,2014,35(12):51-53.
[4]FOX D G,TEDESCHI L O,TYLUTKI T P,et al.The Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system m odel for evaluating herd nutrition and nutrient excretion[J].Anim al Feed Science&Technology,2004,112(1/2/3/4):29-78.
[5]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].2版.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2003.
[6]VAN SOEST P J.Development of a comprehensive system of feed analyses and its application to forages[J].Journal of Animalence,1967,26(1):119.
[7]KRISHNAMOORTHY U,SNIFFEN C J,STERN M D,et al.Evaluation of a m athem atical m odel of rum en digestion and an in vitro sim ulation of rum en proteolysis to estim ate the rum en-undegraded nitrogen content of feedstuffs[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1983,50(3):555-568.
[8]LICITRA G,HERNANDEZ T M,VAN SOEST P J.Standardization of procedures for nitrogen fraction on rum inant feeds[J].Anim al Feed Science and Technology,1996,57(4):347-358.
[9]ALONSO V,CAVAGLIERI L,RAMOS A J,et al.M odelling the effect of p H and w ater activity in the grow th of Aspergillus fum igatus isolated from corn silage[J].Journal of Applied M icrobiology,2017,122(4):1048-1056.
[10]戴伟民,张克勤,段彬伍,等.测定水稻硅含量的一种简易方法[J].中国水稻科学,2005,19(5):460-462.
[11]SNIFFEN C J,O’CONNOR J D,VAN SOEST P J,et al.A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets:Ⅱ.Carbohydrate and protein availability[J].Journal of Anim al Science,1992,70(11):3562-3577.
[12]徐建,陈代文,毛倩,等.白酒糟的营养价值评定[J].中国畜牧杂志,2012,48(7):47-50.
[13]谭之磊,刘建辉,马凯,等.白酒糟综合利用新技术[J].广东化工,2015,42(7):72-73.
[14]焦肖飞,刘建学,韩四海,等.复合菌生物转化白酒糟发酵条件的优化[J].食品科学,2015,36(17):164-168.
[15]杨嘉伟.玉米酒糟浸出脱脂研究[D].硕士学位论文.无锡:江南大学,2013.
[16]KELZER J M,KONONOFF P J,TEDESCHI L O,et al.Evaluation of protein fractionation and rum inal and intestinal digestibility of corn m illing co-products[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2010,93(6):2803-2815.
[17]李颖丽.内蒙古地区奶牛饲料CNCPS体系数据库的建立[D].硕士学位论文.呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2010.
[18]夏中生.饲料学[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005.
[19]吴发莉.不同区域和季节对高寒天然牧草品质的影响[D].硕士学位论文.雅安:四川农业大学,2014.
[20]徐建.白酒糟对猪营养价值的评定[D].硕士学位论文.雅安:四川农业大学,2011.
[21]陈艳.肉牛常用饲料营养价值评定[D].硕士学位论文.雅安:四川农业大学,2014.
[22]YU P Q,NUEZ-ORTIN W G.Relationship of protein m olecular structure to m etabolisable proteins in different types of dried distillers grains w ith solubles:a novel approach[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2010,104(10):1429-1437.
[23]史丹丹,张永根.玉米DDGS作为反刍动物能量或蛋白饲料原料的营养价值[C]//中国林牧渔业经济学会饲料经济专业委员会第五届学术交流大会论文集.三亚:中国林牧渔业经济学会,2008:92-97.
[24]吕玉玲,周玉香,肖桂萍.反刍动物常用饲料营养价值的评定[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2011(9):86-87.
[25]ADAMS R S.Variability in mineral and trace element content of dairy cattle feeds[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1975,58(10):1538-1548.
[26]张雅雪.酒糟菌糠的成分分析及其对肉鸭免疫功能和肠道主要菌群的影响[D].硕士学位论文.雅安:四川农业大学,2011.
[27]范占炼.上海地区奶牛非常规饲料的安全评估及应用[D].博士学位论文.南京:南京农业大学,2013.
[28]王晓力,王春梅,王永刚,等.酒糟营养成分检测及其酶水解研究[J].中国草食动物科学,2014,34(1):28-31.
[29]房进广.麦瑞加拉鲮对12种饲料原料表观消化率及其饲料中适宜蛋能比的研究[D].硕士学位论文.武汉:华中农业大学,2016.
[30]穆志新,田翔,师颖.高粱中单宁含量的检测方法分析[J].山西农业科学,2014,42(6):551-553.
[31]CORTES J E,MORENO B,PABON M L,et al.Effects of purified condensed tannins extracted from Calliandra,Flemingia and Leucaena on rum inal and postrum inal degradation of soybean m eal as estim ated in vitro[J].Anim al Feed Science and Technology,2009,151(3/4):194-204.
[32]郭旭凯,杨玲,张福耀,等.高粱子粒理化特性与清香型大曲白酒酿造关系的研究[J].中国酿造,2016,35(12):40-43.
[33]张志刚,吴生文,陈飞.大曲酶系在白酒生产中的研究现状及发展方向[J].中国酿造,2011,30(1):13-16.
[34]王红彦,王道龙,李建政,等.中国稻壳资源量估算及其开发利用[J].江苏农业科学,2012,40(1):298-300.
[35]李青.贵州省白酒酒糟综合利用的探讨[J].酿酒科技,2014(10):92-93.
[36]翟桂玉,张新铨.硅在动物营养中的作用[J].饲料与畜牧,1992(2):19-20.
[37]周闯,何成华,司慧民,等.2012年国内饲料及原料霉菌毒素污染调查分析[J].畜牧与兽医,2014,46(1):81-84.
[38]LBRYDEN W L.霉菌毒素研究现状及未来挑战[J].中国家禽,2014,36(2):34-37.