西藏中东部地区土壤侵蚀野外调查报告
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摘要
[目的]西藏自治区地处中国西南边陲,属高寒环境,土壤侵蚀复杂多样。通过实地调查,旨在系统了解西藏中东部人口稠密区土壤侵蚀特征,为该区今后水土流失治理提供依据。[方法]调查组于2018年8月12—28日赴西藏自治区,沿林芝、工布江达、拉萨、曲水、日喀则一带选取11个典型集水区,对集水区内林地、草地、耕地、梯田等土壤侵蚀特征进行了调查和分析。[结果]西藏东南部林地内有小切沟出现;耕地田埂及田面部分塌陷损毁严重,并出现溯源侵蚀的特征。道路边坡侵蚀严重,并有跌坎、土体塌落、溯源等现象发生。西藏中部河谷地带洪积扇(台)、阶地等沟蚀剧烈,沟道切割纵深,严重影响当地农牧业生产。宽谷地带呈现风水复合及交错的侵蚀特征,覆沙坡面的片状侵蚀发育明显。[结论]西藏自治区土壤侵蚀过程复杂多样,而伴随该区气候环境暖湿化的发展,水土流失有进一步加剧的危险,需要在该区加强土壤侵蚀过程与机理的研究,同时也迫切需要加强该区的水土保持工作。在生态环境脆弱的西藏地区,更应该加强环境保护意识,加大水土保持治理力度,切实践行"绿水青山就是金山银山"的生态理念和绿色发展道路。
[Objective]Soil erosion is complex and diverse in Tibet Autonomous Region locating in the southwest of China,attributed to its special environment represented by high altitude and cold climate.Through field survey,this study aims to systematically understand the characteristics of soil erosion in densely populatedareas in Central and Eastern Tibet,and to provide a basis for regional soil erosion control in the future.[Methods]The survey was conducted from August 12 to 28,2018.We selected 11 typical watersheds along a transect across Linzhi,Gongbujiangda,Lhasa,Qushui and Shigatse areas.We investigated and analyzed soil erosion of local primary land use types,including forest,grassland,and farmland.[Results]In the southeastern part of Tibet,continuous rainfall caused severe erosion in forest,farmland and on road slope.Small gullies appeared in the forest,collapse occurred in the cropland with ongoing developed headward erosion,while drop sill,gully,and upper-soil collapse occurred on the road slope.In the valleys of Central Tibet,gully erosion on the proluvial fan/pluvial tableland and terraces were severe.The densely distributed gullies and channels destroyed the landforms,and seriously affected local agriculture and animal husbandry.The wide valley area presented complex erosion characteristics influenced by both wind and water.[Conclusion]The soil erosion process in Tibet Autonomous Region is complex and diverse at present,and it has a high risk of accelerated erosion due to climate change and intensifying human activities.Thus,it is necessary to systematically study soil erosion process and mechanism,and urgent to enhance the soil and water conservation work in this area.Moreover,it is also important to strengthen our awareness of environmental protection to this fragile ecological environment in Tibet.All these provide the foundations for the implement of the green development concept"lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets"proposed by the government of China.
[Objective]Soil erosion is complex and diverse in Tibet Autonomous Region locating in the southwest of China,attributed to its special environment represented by high altitude and cold climate.Through field survey,this study aims to systematically understand the characteristics of soil erosion in densely populatedareas in Central and Eastern Tibet,and to provide a basis for regional soil erosion control in the future.[Methods]The survey was conducted from August 12 to 28,2018.We selected 11 typical watersheds along a transect across Linzhi,Gongbujiangda,Lhasa,Qushui and Shigatse areas.We investigated and analyzed soil erosion of local primary land use types,including forest,grassland,and farmland.[Results]In the southeastern part of Tibet,continuous rainfall caused severe erosion in forest,farmland and on road slope.Small gullies appeared in the forest,collapse occurred in the cropland with ongoing developed headward erosion,while drop sill,gully,and upper-soil collapse occurred on the road slope.In the valleys of Central Tibet,gully erosion on the proluvial fan/pluvial tableland and terraces were severe.The densely distributed gullies and channels destroyed the landforms,and seriously affected local agriculture and animal husbandry.The wide valley area presented complex erosion characteristics influenced by both wind and water.[Conclusion]The soil erosion process in Tibet Autonomous Region is complex and diverse at present,and it has a high risk of accelerated erosion due to climate change and intensifying human activities.Thus,it is necessary to systematically study soil erosion process and mechanism,and urgent to enhance the soil and water conservation work in this area.Moreover,it is also important to strengthen our awareness of environmental protection to this fragile ecological environment in Tibet.All these provide the foundations for the implement of the green development concept"lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets"proposed by the government of China.
引文
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[11]王向阳.西藏高原冻融侵蚀观测探索[J].中国水土保持,2014(11):51-53.
[12]陶和平,高攀,钟祥浩.区域生态环境脆弱性评价:以西藏“一江两河”地区为例[J].山地学报,2006,24(6):761-768.
[13]蔡晓布,钱成,黄界.雅鲁藏布江中游地区水土流失及其防治对策[J].水土保持通报,1996,34(6):48-53.
[14]邵伟,蔡晓布.西藏高原草地退化及其成因分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2008,6(1):112-116.
[15]文安邦,刘淑珍,范建容,等.雅鲁藏布江中游地区河流泥沙近期变化及防治对策[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(6):148-150.
[16]刘家富,李和平.西藏雅鲁藏布江藏木水电站入库悬移质输沙量推算[J].水电站设计,2017,33(1):40-42.
[17]西藏日报.西藏积极推进水土保持工作[EB/OL].(2016-10-31)[2018-09-21]http:∥www.gov.cn/xinwen/2016-10/31/content_5126366.htm.
[18]中国气象报社.政协常委秦大河:重视西藏气候暖湿化趋势加强规划设计和应对工作[EB/OL].(2016-03-12)[2018-09-21].http://www.cma.gov.cn/2011xwzx/2011xqxxw/2011xqxyw/201603/t20160311_306232.html.
[2]刘淑珍,张建国,辜世贤.西藏自治区土壤侵蚀类型研究[J].山地学报,2006,24(5):592-596.
[3]史海匀,傅旭东,王皓,等.高山深谷地区水土流失模拟与预测:以昌都地区为例[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2011,19(S1):17-27.
[4]张船红,何政伟,仇文侠,等.拉萨市城关区土地利用与土壤侵蚀变化分析[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(3):73-78.
[5]张鹏,格桑卓玛,范建容,等.西藏“一江两河”地区土壤侵蚀现状及分布特征[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(1):49-53.
[6]师哲,任斐鹏.西藏林芝地区水土流失现状及其防治对策初探[C]∥海峡两岸水土保持学术研讨会,湖北武汉,2014.
[7]赵健,李蓉.雅鲁藏布江流域土壤侵蚀区域特征初步研究[J].长江科学院院报,2008,25(3):42-45.
[8]Shi Xiaonan,Zhang Fan,Lu Xixi,et al.Spatiotemporal variations of suspended sediment transport in the upstream and midstream of the Yarlung Tsangpo River(the upper Brahmaputra),China[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2018,43(2):432-443.
[9]Zeng Chen,Zhang Fan,Lu Xixi,et al.Improving sediment load estimations:The case of the Yarlung Zangbo River(the upper Brahmaputra,Tibet Plateau)[J].Catena,2018,160:201-211.
[10]中华人民共和国水利部.第一次全国水利普查水土保持情况公报[R].中华人民共和国水利部,2013.
[11]王向阳.西藏高原冻融侵蚀观测探索[J].中国水土保持,2014(11):51-53.
[12]陶和平,高攀,钟祥浩.区域生态环境脆弱性评价:以西藏“一江两河”地区为例[J].山地学报,2006,24(6):761-768.
[13]蔡晓布,钱成,黄界.雅鲁藏布江中游地区水土流失及其防治对策[J].水土保持通报,1996,34(6):48-53.
[14]邵伟,蔡晓布.西藏高原草地退化及其成因分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2008,6(1):112-116.
[15]文安邦,刘淑珍,范建容,等.雅鲁藏布江中游地区河流泥沙近期变化及防治对策[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(6):148-150.
[16]刘家富,李和平.西藏雅鲁藏布江藏木水电站入库悬移质输沙量推算[J].水电站设计,2017,33(1):40-42.
[17]西藏日报.西藏积极推进水土保持工作[EB/OL].(2016-10-31)[2018-09-21]http:∥www.gov.cn/xinwen/2016-10/31/content_5126366.htm.
[18]中国气象报社.政协常委秦大河:重视西藏气候暖湿化趋势加强规划设计和应对工作[EB/OL].(2016-03-12)[2018-09-21].http://www.cma.gov.cn/2011xwzx/2011xqxxw/2011xqxyw/201603/t20160311_306232.html.