改革开放四十年的农业科技体制改革
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摘要
中国农业科技改革历经恢复期、市场化改革探索期、改革深化期和创新体系建立期四个阶段,改革的成效斐然,科技创新体系初具规模,农业科技资金来源渠道多样化,农业科技资源投入数量和结构逐渐合理,农业科技创新产出水平不断提高,农推体系多点覆盖。改革累积了成功经验,顶层设计需遵循农业科技本身的特点,改革的动力来自于"政府主导、需求倒逼"双重驱动,在"渐进式"改革中实现了"先破再立"。农业科技体制仍存在政府和市场的主导作用扭曲,农业科技资源配置结构失衡,科技创新绩效水平薄弱,农业科技创新激励机制导向偏颇等弊端。下一步需建立"政府有为,市场有效"的农业创新体制,强化农业科技创新联盟构建,优化平衡农业科技资源配置,建立平台化农技推广和成果转化体制,重构农业科技创新激励机制。
The agricultural science and technology reform has undergone four stages of restoring the reform period,the marketization reform exploration period,the reform deepening period and the independent innovation. The reforms have achieved remarkable results which the science and technology innovation system has been basically established,the sources of agricultural science and technology funds have been diversified,the quantity and structure of agricultural science and technology resources have gradually become reasonable,and the output level of agricultural science and technology innovation has continuously improved. Agricultural promotion system is multi-point coverage. The reform has accumulated successful experience such as the top-level design needs to follow the characteristics of agricultural science and technology itself,the driving force for reform comes from the dual drive of"government-led,demand-forced ",and "breaking first and then re-establishing " in the "gradual "reform. It left behind the dislocation of policy tools,the lack of legal and institutional supporting systems and other deficiencies. The agricultural science and technology system still has the leading role of government and market distortion,the imbalance of agricultural science and technology resource allocation structure,the weak performance level of science and technology innovation,and the bias of agricultural science and technology innovation incentive mechanism. Finally,it proposes to stablish an agricultural innovation system that"governs are promising and the market is effective",optimize the allocation of balanced agricultural science and technology resources,establishes platform-based agricultural technology promotion and achievement transformation system,and reconstructs the deep reform proposals for agricultural science and technology innovation incentive mechanism.
The agricultural science and technology reform has undergone four stages of restoring the reform period,the marketization reform exploration period,the reform deepening period and the independent innovation. The reforms have achieved remarkable results which the science and technology innovation system has been basically established,the sources of agricultural science and technology funds have been diversified,the quantity and structure of agricultural science and technology resources have gradually become reasonable,and the output level of agricultural science and technology innovation has continuously improved. Agricultural promotion system is multi-point coverage. The reform has accumulated successful experience such as the top-level design needs to follow the characteristics of agricultural science and technology itself,the driving force for reform comes from the dual drive of"government-led,demand-forced ",and "breaking first and then re-establishing " in the "gradual "reform. It left behind the dislocation of policy tools,the lack of legal and institutional supporting systems and other deficiencies. The agricultural science and technology system still has the leading role of government and market distortion,the imbalance of agricultural science and technology resource allocation structure,the weak performance level of science and technology innovation,and the bias of agricultural science and technology innovation incentive mechanism. Finally,it proposes to stablish an agricultural innovation system that"governs are promising and the market is effective",optimize the allocation of balanced agricultural science and technology resources,establishes platform-based agricultural technology promotion and achievement transformation system,and reconstructs the deep reform proposals for agricultural science and technology innovation incentive mechanism.
引文
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15.季卫东.法治与选择.中外法学,1993,5(4):13~21
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17.胡虹文,杨艳萍.我国农业科技体制改革探索.经济体制改革,2003(5):76~78
18.农业部科技教育司.中国农业知识产权创造指数报告(2017)发布.农业部官网,2017-08-24
19.朱汉明.基于农民权益的植物新品种保护法律问题研究.华中农业大学学位论文,2010
20.雷家骕.创新作用于经济增长的一般机理研究.中国青年科技,2007(4):27~35
21.翟金良.中国农业科技成果转化的特点、存在的问题与发展对策.中国科学院院刊,2015,30(3):378~385
22.陈祺琪,张俊飚,程琳琳等.农业科技资源配置能力区域差异分析及驱动因子分解.科研管理,2016,7(3):110~123
23.王丹萍.农业科技成果转化率低的原因分析.中国农业信息,2013,(15):240.
24.王航.基于农业现代化要求的我国农业科技创新现状及思考.农业科技与装备,2017(7):82~85
25.陈萌山.加快体制机制创新,提升农业科技对现代农业发展的支撑能力.农业经济问题,2014(10):4~7
2.Li Ping,Wang Hongwei,Zhang Jing.China's S&T Reform and TFP ove Past Four Recades of Reform and Opening up,China Economist,2018,13(1):84~111
3.西奥多·W·舒尔茨.改造传统农业.商务印书馆,2010
4.科技部.我国农业科技进步贡献率已达57.5%.经济日报-中国经济网,2018-03-29
5.吴敬链.制度重于技术.中国发展出版社,2002
6.朱世桂.中国农业科技体制百年变迁研究.南京农业大学学位论文,2012
7.王雅鹏.现代农业经济学.中国农业出版社,2010
8.农业部公报.农业部农业科技创新能力条件建设规划报(2016-2020年).中国农村网,2016-12-29
9.陈祺琪.中国农业科技创新能力、空间差异、影响因素与提升路径---以植物新品种为例.华中农业大学学位论文,2016
10.董莹.全要素生产率视角下的农业技术进步及其溢出效应研究.中国农业大学学位论文,2016
11.陈新忠,李芳芳.我国农业技术推广的研究回溯与展望.华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2014(5):24~33
12.黄季焜,胡瑞法,智华勇.基层农业技术推广体系30年发展与改革:政策评估和建议.农业技术经济,2009(1):4~11
13.胡瑞法,黄季焜,李立秋.中国农技推广:现状、问题及解决对策.管理世界,2004(5):50~57
14.吴敬学,毛世平,王志丹.提升我国农业科技原始创新能力的思路与对策.农业经济问题,2012(8):56~60
15.季卫东.法治与选择.中外法学,1993,5(4):13~21
16.王宏杰.美日欧农业科技自主创新政策的演变历程及启示.安徽农业科学学位论文,2018,46(19):208~214
17.胡虹文,杨艳萍.我国农业科技体制改革探索.经济体制改革,2003(5):76~78
18.农业部科技教育司.中国农业知识产权创造指数报告(2017)发布.农业部官网,2017-08-24
19.朱汉明.基于农民权益的植物新品种保护法律问题研究.华中农业大学学位论文,2010
20.雷家骕.创新作用于经济增长的一般机理研究.中国青年科技,2007(4):27~35
21.翟金良.中国农业科技成果转化的特点、存在的问题与发展对策.中国科学院院刊,2015,30(3):378~385
22.陈祺琪,张俊飚,程琳琳等.农业科技资源配置能力区域差异分析及驱动因子分解.科研管理,2016,7(3):110~123
23.王丹萍.农业科技成果转化率低的原因分析.中国农业信息,2013,(15):240.
24.王航.基于农业现代化要求的我国农业科技创新现状及思考.农业科技与装备,2017(7):82~85
25.陈萌山.加快体制机制创新,提升农业科技对现代农业发展的支撑能力.农业经济问题,2014(10):4~7