基于极端顶点混料设计优化黄粉虫秸秆饲料配方
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摘要
【目的】每年产生的秸秆大部分没有被有效利用,造成大量的资源浪费。虽有部分秸秆发酵后制成畜禽动物饲料,但研究秸秆饲料用于饲养昆虫的少见。本研究旨在拓展秸秆的资源化利用途径,利用发酵秸秆饲养黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor,进而降低黄粉虫饲养中的饲料成本。【方法】以饲养黄粉虫的常规饲料、发酵的玉米秸秆、发酵的红薯秸秆为原料,用极端顶点混料设计法,研究三者不同混合比例对黄粉虫幼虫生长指标(生物量增率、死亡率、体长、饲料利用率和转化率)以及生理指标[含水量、灰分含量、粗脂肪含量、粗蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、总糖含量、磷含量、中微量元素含量和重金属含量]的影响,筛选出黄粉虫的最佳混料配方。【结果】结果表明,在常规饲料中添加一定量发酵的玉米秸秆和红薯秸秆更有利于黄粉虫幼虫的生长。生物量增率较大的实验组,其饲料利用率和转化率较高。混料配方中红薯秸秆所占比例越大,黄粉虫幼虫的死亡率趋势越大。而不同的混料配方对黄粉虫幼虫的体长和各生理指标无明显影响。最佳的混料配方为:常规饲料∶发酵玉米秸秆∶发酵红薯秸秆=37.24∶20.72∶42.04。此配方饲料成本低,相比于常规饲料配方成本降低了56.94%。此配方下饲养的黄粉虫幼虫,其生物量增率可达32.52%,高于常规饲料饲喂的对照组(25.17%),且黄粉虫幼虫的死亡率低、饲料利用率高。【结论】秸秆饲料经过科学配方既降低了黄粉虫的饲养成本,又提高了秸秆的利用率,具有较好的推广前景。
【Aim】A large quantities of crop straws produced annually are not effectively used,causing waste of resources. Some crop straws are fermented into animal feed,but they are rarely adapted as feed of insects. This study aims to extend the utilization of crop straw and to reduce the feed cost for breeding Tenebrio molitor. 【Methods】Different feed formulas made from the conventional feed of T. molitor,fermented corn stalk and fermented sweet potato straw were designed by extreme vertex mixing design method,and the optimal feed formulation was screened by determining the effects of the feed formulation on the growth indexes( biomass increment rate, mortality, body length, feed utilization rate and conversion rate) and physiological indexes( moisture content,ash content,crude fat content,crude proteincontent,SOD activity,total sugar content,phosphorus content,content of medium and trace elements,and heavy metal content). 【Results】The results showed that a certain amount of fermented corn stalk and fermented sweet potato straw added in the conventional feed was more beneficial to the growth of T.molitor. In the experimental groups with higher biomass increment rate,T. molitor had higher feed utilization rates and conversion rates. The higher the proportion of sweet potato straw in the formula,the higher the mortality trend of T. molitor. Different feed formulation had no obvious effect on the body length and physiological indexes of T. molitor larvae. The optimal feed formulation for T. molitor was as follows: conventional feed ∶ fermented corn stalk∶ fermented sweet potato straw = 37. 24 ∶ 20. 72 ∶ 42. 04.Compared with the conventional feed formulation,the feed cost of the optimal feed formulation was decreased by 56. 94%. The biomass increment rate of T. molitor larvae reared with the optimal feed formulation reached 32. 52%,higher than that reared with the conventional feed( 25. 17%). Moreover,the mortality rate of T. molitor larvae reared with the optimal feed formulation was low and the utilization of crop straw feed was high. 【Conclusion】Based on a reasonable formulation,the crop straw can be used as the feed of T. molitor,which can not only reduce the feed cost for breeding T. molitor,but also raise the utilization rate of crop straw. So the formulation is of great application prospective.
【Aim】A large quantities of crop straws produced annually are not effectively used,causing waste of resources. Some crop straws are fermented into animal feed,but they are rarely adapted as feed of insects. This study aims to extend the utilization of crop straw and to reduce the feed cost for breeding Tenebrio molitor. 【Methods】Different feed formulas made from the conventional feed of T. molitor,fermented corn stalk and fermented sweet potato straw were designed by extreme vertex mixing design method,and the optimal feed formulation was screened by determining the effects of the feed formulation on the growth indexes( biomass increment rate, mortality, body length, feed utilization rate and conversion rate) and physiological indexes( moisture content,ash content,crude fat content,crude proteincontent,SOD activity,total sugar content,phosphorus content,content of medium and trace elements,and heavy metal content). 【Results】The results showed that a certain amount of fermented corn stalk and fermented sweet potato straw added in the conventional feed was more beneficial to the growth of T.molitor. In the experimental groups with higher biomass increment rate,T. molitor had higher feed utilization rates and conversion rates. The higher the proportion of sweet potato straw in the formula,the higher the mortality trend of T. molitor. Different feed formulation had no obvious effect on the body length and physiological indexes of T. molitor larvae. The optimal feed formulation for T. molitor was as follows: conventional feed ∶ fermented corn stalk∶ fermented sweet potato straw = 37. 24 ∶ 20. 72 ∶ 42. 04.Compared with the conventional feed formulation,the feed cost of the optimal feed formulation was decreased by 56. 94%. The biomass increment rate of T. molitor larvae reared with the optimal feed formulation reached 32. 52%,higher than that reared with the conventional feed( 25. 17%). Moreover,the mortality rate of T. molitor larvae reared with the optimal feed formulation was low and the utilization of crop straw feed was high. 【Conclusion】Based on a reasonable formulation,the crop straw can be used as the feed of T. molitor,which can not only reduce the feed cost for breeding T. molitor,but also raise the utilization rate of crop straw. So the formulation is of great application prospective.
引文
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Dong HS,Chen B,2009.Activity determination of superoxide dismutase based on revised Marklund method.Storage Process(1):27-29.[董海胜,陈斌,2009.利用修改的Marklund方法测定SOD活性.保鲜研究,(1):27-29]
Gu JP,Hu J,Zhou LJ,Chen JY,Hu YL,Li GK,Zeng ZX,2015.Determination of total amount of heavy metals by atomic absorption spectrometry and their speciation analysis in tobacco.J.Instr.Anal.,34(1):111-114.[古君平,胡静,周朗君,陈静夷,胡玉玲,李攻科,曾尊祥,2015.原子吸收光谱法测定烟叶中的重金属总量及形态分析.分析测试学报,34(1):111-114]
Guo ZZ,Xu LM,Wu HZ,Xu L,2017.Utilization of corn straw in animal husbandry production.Anim.Husb.Vet.Med.,49(7):133-136.[郭照宙,许灵敏,武洪志,许丽,2017.玉米秸秆在畜禽生产中的利用.畜牧与兽医,49(7):133-136]
Halidai RHMJ,Aibibula YMM,Reshalaitihan MMT,2016.The cotton stalk and its utilization as ruminant feed resource in Xinjiang.Asian Agric.Res.,8(9):90-94.
Huang S,Zhou JZ,Sun YQ,Chen YB,Jiang SQ,2008.Numerical simulation and response optimizer design of strengthening effects induced by laser shock peening.Mater.Sci.Forum,575-578:373-378.
Ji ZX,Wen XL,Yu JY,Song JC,Wang Z,Qi HX,Hu ZY,Li LP,Li HC,2011.Effects of feeding corn stalks on economic indicators of Tenebrio molitor.J.Anhui Agric.Sci.,39(33):20520-20522.[吉志新,温晓蕾,余金咏,宋金昌,王哲,齐慧霞,胡振妍,李丽萍,李汉臣,2011.喂食玉米秸秆对黄粉虫经济指标的影响.安徽农业科学,39(33):20520-20522]
Jiang HW,Shi GF,Zhao T,Xin YP,2017.Effect of corn stalks treated by wood vinegar on feeding in beef cattle.Chin.Cattle Sci.,43(4):34-36.[蒋宏伟,时国峰,赵拓,辛亚平,2017.木醋液处理玉米秸秆及其饲喂肉牛效果.中国牛业科学,43(4):34-36]
Li N,Li T,Shao CB,Lin B,Su X,Mao F,2014.A method of preparing feed of Tenebrio molitor larvae from corn stalks.China Patent:CN103719633A,ZL201410015839.2.Issuing date:2016.01.20.[李宁,李涛,邵承斌,林兵,苏香,毛飞,2014.一种用玉米秸秆制备黄粉虫幼虫饲料的方法.中国专利:CN103719633A,ZL201410015839.2.授权日期:2016.01.20]
Li N,Xing HW,Xiong XL,2017.Exploitation and utilization of Tenebrio molitor resources.China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,Beijing.[李宁,幸宏伟,熊晓莉,2017.黄粉虫资源化开发与利用.北京:中国农业科学技术出版社]
Lv SC,Wang CQ,Ma ML,Ding XW,2013.Effect of fermented corn stalks on the performance of Tenebrio molitor larvae.Anim.Husb.Vet.Med.,45(5):42-44.[吕树臣,王春清,马铭龙,丁秀文,2013.发酵玉米秸秆对黄粉虫幼虫生产性能的影响.畜牧与兽医,45(5):42-44]
Sun Y,Liu J,Liu JJ,Xin LD,Tian SG,2008.Determination of the total sugar in chicory roots by phenol-sulfuric acid method.Chin.J.Ethnomed.Ethnoph.,(4):12-13.[孙芸,刘杰,刘佳佳,辛禄德,田树革,2008.苯酚-硫酸法测定菊苣根中总糖的含量.中国民族民间医药,(4):12-13]
Wang CJ,Xiong XL,Li T,Zhang XB,Li N,2015.Tenebrio molitor was raised by fermented corn stalk.Feed Res.,(11):66-69.[王崇均,熊晓莉,李涛,张小彬,李宁,2015.发酵玉米秸秆饲养黄粉虫.饲料研究,(11):66-69]
Wang CQ,Ma ML,Ding XW,Lv SC,2013.Effect of different proportion of wheat bran and corn straw on the growth performance in yellow powder larva.Chin.Anim.Husb.Vet.Med.,40(1):210-212.[王春清,马铭龙,丁秀文,吕树臣,2013.不同比例麦麸和玉米秸秆对黄粉幼虫生长性能的影响.中国畜牧兽医,40(1):210-212]
Wang HL,Wang BL,Li WH,Wang GC,Wei YL,2011.Effect of Cu2+on protective enzymes activity of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus larvae.Guangdong Agric.Sci.,38(23):129-131.[王洪亮,王丙丽,李卫海,王国昌,魏艳丽,2011.铜胁迫对黄粉虫幼虫3种保护酶活性的影响.广东农业科学,38(23):129-131]
Xiao YB,Zhou ZJ,Yang W,Du KS,2003.The effects of different ecological factors on rearing efficiency of Tenebrio molitor L.Acta Ecol.Sin.,23(4):673-680.[肖银波,周祖基,杨伟,杜开书,2003.饲养条件对黄粉虫幼虫生长及存活的影响.生态学报,23(4):673-680]
Xiang XL,Luo LL,Dang FM,Wang J,2015.Research and improvement of determination for phosphorus in food by molybdenum blue spectrophotometry.J.Anhui Agric.Sci.,43(8):244-245.[向晓黎,罗力力,党富民,王静,2015.钼蓝分光光度法测定食品中磷的研究及改进.安徽农业科学,43(8):244-245]
Xu SC,Liu XW,Wang Q,Shen XJ,2013.Tenebrio molitor L.feed production from fermentation of corn stalks.Acta Agric.Bor.-Occid.Sin.,22(1):194-199.[徐世才,刘小伟,王强,沈雪健,2013.玉米秸秆发酵制取黄粉虫饲料的研究.西北农业学报,22(1):194-199]
Dong HS,Chen B,2009.Activity determination of superoxide dismutase based on revised Marklund method.Storage Process(1):27-29.[董海胜,陈斌,2009.利用修改的Marklund方法测定SOD活性.保鲜研究,(1):27-29]
Gu JP,Hu J,Zhou LJ,Chen JY,Hu YL,Li GK,Zeng ZX,2015.Determination of total amount of heavy metals by atomic absorption spectrometry and their speciation analysis in tobacco.J.Instr.Anal.,34(1):111-114.[古君平,胡静,周朗君,陈静夷,胡玉玲,李攻科,曾尊祥,2015.原子吸收光谱法测定烟叶中的重金属总量及形态分析.分析测试学报,34(1):111-114]
Guo ZZ,Xu LM,Wu HZ,Xu L,2017.Utilization of corn straw in animal husbandry production.Anim.Husb.Vet.Med.,49(7):133-136.[郭照宙,许灵敏,武洪志,许丽,2017.玉米秸秆在畜禽生产中的利用.畜牧与兽医,49(7):133-136]
Halidai RHMJ,Aibibula YMM,Reshalaitihan MMT,2016.The cotton stalk and its utilization as ruminant feed resource in Xinjiang.Asian Agric.Res.,8(9):90-94.
Huang S,Zhou JZ,Sun YQ,Chen YB,Jiang SQ,2008.Numerical simulation and response optimizer design of strengthening effects induced by laser shock peening.Mater.Sci.Forum,575-578:373-378.
Ji ZX,Wen XL,Yu JY,Song JC,Wang Z,Qi HX,Hu ZY,Li LP,Li HC,2011.Effects of feeding corn stalks on economic indicators of Tenebrio molitor.J.Anhui Agric.Sci.,39(33):20520-20522.[吉志新,温晓蕾,余金咏,宋金昌,王哲,齐慧霞,胡振妍,李丽萍,李汉臣,2011.喂食玉米秸秆对黄粉虫经济指标的影响.安徽农业科学,39(33):20520-20522]
Jiang HW,Shi GF,Zhao T,Xin YP,2017.Effect of corn stalks treated by wood vinegar on feeding in beef cattle.Chin.Cattle Sci.,43(4):34-36.[蒋宏伟,时国峰,赵拓,辛亚平,2017.木醋液处理玉米秸秆及其饲喂肉牛效果.中国牛业科学,43(4):34-36]
Li N,Li T,Shao CB,Lin B,Su X,Mao F,2014.A method of preparing feed of Tenebrio molitor larvae from corn stalks.China Patent:CN103719633A,ZL201410015839.2.Issuing date:2016.01.20.[李宁,李涛,邵承斌,林兵,苏香,毛飞,2014.一种用玉米秸秆制备黄粉虫幼虫饲料的方法.中国专利:CN103719633A,ZL201410015839.2.授权日期:2016.01.20]
Li N,Xing HW,Xiong XL,2017.Exploitation and utilization of Tenebrio molitor resources.China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,Beijing.[李宁,幸宏伟,熊晓莉,2017.黄粉虫资源化开发与利用.北京:中国农业科学技术出版社]
Lv SC,Wang CQ,Ma ML,Ding XW,2013.Effect of fermented corn stalks on the performance of Tenebrio molitor larvae.Anim.Husb.Vet.Med.,45(5):42-44.[吕树臣,王春清,马铭龙,丁秀文,2013.发酵玉米秸秆对黄粉虫幼虫生产性能的影响.畜牧与兽医,45(5):42-44]
Sun Y,Liu J,Liu JJ,Xin LD,Tian SG,2008.Determination of the total sugar in chicory roots by phenol-sulfuric acid method.Chin.J.Ethnomed.Ethnoph.,(4):12-13.[孙芸,刘杰,刘佳佳,辛禄德,田树革,2008.苯酚-硫酸法测定菊苣根中总糖的含量.中国民族民间医药,(4):12-13]
Wang CJ,Xiong XL,Li T,Zhang XB,Li N,2015.Tenebrio molitor was raised by fermented corn stalk.Feed Res.,(11):66-69.[王崇均,熊晓莉,李涛,张小彬,李宁,2015.发酵玉米秸秆饲养黄粉虫.饲料研究,(11):66-69]
Wang CQ,Ma ML,Ding XW,Lv SC,2013.Effect of different proportion of wheat bran and corn straw on the growth performance in yellow powder larva.Chin.Anim.Husb.Vet.Med.,40(1):210-212.[王春清,马铭龙,丁秀文,吕树臣,2013.不同比例麦麸和玉米秸秆对黄粉幼虫生长性能的影响.中国畜牧兽医,40(1):210-212]
Wang HL,Wang BL,Li WH,Wang GC,Wei YL,2011.Effect of Cu2+on protective enzymes activity of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus larvae.Guangdong Agric.Sci.,38(23):129-131.[王洪亮,王丙丽,李卫海,王国昌,魏艳丽,2011.铜胁迫对黄粉虫幼虫3种保护酶活性的影响.广东农业科学,38(23):129-131]
Xiao YB,Zhou ZJ,Yang W,Du KS,2003.The effects of different ecological factors on rearing efficiency of Tenebrio molitor L.Acta Ecol.Sin.,23(4):673-680.[肖银波,周祖基,杨伟,杜开书,2003.饲养条件对黄粉虫幼虫生长及存活的影响.生态学报,23(4):673-680]
Xiang XL,Luo LL,Dang FM,Wang J,2015.Research and improvement of determination for phosphorus in food by molybdenum blue spectrophotometry.J.Anhui Agric.Sci.,43(8):244-245.[向晓黎,罗力力,党富民,王静,2015.钼蓝分光光度法测定食品中磷的研究及改进.安徽农业科学,43(8):244-245]
Xu SC,Liu XW,Wang Q,Shen XJ,2013.Tenebrio molitor L.feed production from fermentation of corn stalks.Acta Agric.Bor.-Occid.Sin.,22(1):194-199.[徐世才,刘小伟,王强,沈雪健,2013.玉米秸秆发酵制取黄粉虫饲料的研究.西北农业学报,22(1):194-199]