车内空气污染状况影响因素研究进展
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摘要
汽车在给人们带来巨大便利的同时,也隐伏着诸多危害。由于车内空间狭小密闭,再加上各种因素的影响,其空间内极易聚集数百种有害物质。通过对国内外有关车内空气质量影响因素的研究文献进行综述,着重介绍了汽车通风状况、车用内饰材料、车内温湿度、车龄、采样点位置、行驶里程等对车内空气污染物浓度的影响。提出了通过源头控制和末端处理两种途径来遏制车内的环境污染问题。
While the vehicles bring great convenience to people,potential hazards are also concealed. Due to the narrow and enclosed space inside the vehicle and the influence of other factors,hundreds of harmful substances can be easily accumulated. This review summarized significant findings in domestic and foreign literatures on the influencing factors of air quality in vehicle cabins. The paper focused on the effects of vehicle ventilation,interior materials,interior temperature and humidity,the age of vehicle,location of sampling sites,and driving mileage on the airborne pollutant concentrations in the vehicle. The two ways,i.e.the source control and the final processing,were proposed to reduce the environmental pollution in vehicles.
While the vehicles bring great convenience to people,potential hazards are also concealed. Due to the narrow and enclosed space inside the vehicle and the influence of other factors,hundreds of harmful substances can be easily accumulated. This review summarized significant findings in domestic and foreign literatures on the influencing factors of air quality in vehicle cabins. The paper focused on the effects of vehicle ventilation,interior materials,interior temperature and humidity,the age of vehicle,location of sampling sites,and driving mileage on the airborne pollutant concentrations in the vehicle. The two ways,i.e.the source control and the final processing,were proposed to reduce the environmental pollution in vehicles.
引文
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[2] ZHANG Guangshan, LI Tiantian, LUO Ming, et al. Air Pollution in the Microenvironment of Parked New Cars[J].Building and Environment,2008, 43(3):315-319.
[3] MULLER D, KLINGELHOFER D, UIBEL S, et al.Car Indoor Air Pollution-Analysis of Potential Sources[J]. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology,2011, 6(1):33.
[4] KLEPEIS N E, NELSON W C, OTT W R,et al. The National Human Activity Pattern Survey(NHAPS):A Resource for Assessing Exposure to Environmental Pollutants[J]. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 2001,11(3):231-252.
[5] YOSHIDA T, MATSUNAGA I,TOMIOKA K, et al.Interior Air Pollution in Automotive Cabins by Volatile Organic Compounds Diffusing from Interior Materials:II. Influence of Manufacturer, Specifications and Usage Status on Air Pollution,and Estimation of Air Pollution Levels in Initial Phases of Delivery as a New Car[J].Indoor and Built Environment,2006,15(5):445-462.
[6] DUDZINSKA M R. Volatile Organic Compounds in Private Cars and Public Vehicles[J]. Rocznik Ochrona Srodowiska,2011,13(1):101-116.
[7] GRABBS J S, CORSI R L, TORRES V M. Volatile Organic Compounds in New Automobiles:Screening Assessment[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering,2000, 126(10):974-977.
[8] JO W K, PARK K H. Concentration of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Passengers Side and the Back Seat of Automobiles[J]. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 1999,9(3):217-227.
[9] MANDALAKIS M, STEPHANOU E G, HORII Y, et al.Emerging Contaminants in Car Interiors:Evaluating the Impact of Airborne PBDEs and PBDD/Fs[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2008,42(17):6431-6436.
[10] RIEDIKER M,WILLIAMS R,DEVLIN R,et al.Exposure to Particulate Matter, Volatile Organic Compounds, and Other Air Pollutants Inside Patrol Cars[J].Environmental Science and Technology, 2003,37(10):2084-2093.
[11] WEISEL C P. Automobile, Bus, and Rail Passenger Air Quality[M]//Air Quality in Airplane Cabins and Similar Enclosed Spaces(The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 4H). Berlin Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag,2005:317-334.
[12] YOSHIDA T, MATSUNAGA I, TOMIOKA K, et al.Interior Air Pollution in Automotive Cabins by Volatile Organic Compounds Diffusing from Interior Materials:I. Survey of 101 Types of Japanese Domestically Produced Cars for Private Use[J]. Indoor and Built Environment,2006, 15(5):425-444.
[13] DETTMER K, ENGEWALD W. Adsorbent Materials Commonly Used in Air Analysis for Adsorptive Enrichment and Thermal Desorption of Volatile Organic Compounds[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,2002,373(6):490-500.
[14] IDRIS S A, ROBERTSON C, MORRIS M A, et al.A Comparative Study of Selected Sorbents for Sampling of Aromatic VOCs from Indoor Air[J]. Analytical Methods,2010,2(11):1803-1809.
[15] BROWN S K, CHENG Min. Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs)in New Car Interiors[C]//15th International Clean Air&Environment Conference,Nov. 26-30,2000, Sydney. CASANZ,c2000:464-468.
[16] FEDORUK M J, KERGER B D. Measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds Inside Automobiles[J]. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology,2003 13(1):31-41.
[17] CHEN Xiaokai, FENG Lili, LUO Huilong, et al.Analyses on Influencing Factors of Airborne VOCs Pollution in Taxi Cabins[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2014, 21(22):12868-12882.
[18] ILGEN E, LEVSEN K, ANGERER J, et al. Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Atmospheric Environment. Part III:Personal Monitoring[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2001, 35(7):1265-1279.
[19] BRODZIK K, FABER J, GOLDA-KOPEK A, et al.Impact of Multisource VOC Emission on in-Vehicle Air Quality:Test Chamber Simulation[J]. IOP Conference Series:Materials Science and Engineering, 2016,148(1):1-9.
[20] GEISS O, TIRENDI S, BARRERO-MORENO J,et al. Investigation of Volatile Organic Compounds and Phthalates Present in the Cabin Air of Used Private Cars[J].Environment International, 2009,35(8):1188-1195.
[21] RAHMAN M M, KIM K H. Exposure to Hazardous Volatile Pollutants Back Diffusing from Automobile Exhaust Systems[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2012, 241-242:267-278.
[22] LI Shuang, CHEN Shuguang, ZHU Lizhong, et al.Concentrations and Risk Assessment of Selected Monoaromatic Hydrocarbons in Buses and Bus Stations of Hangzhou, China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2009,407(6):2004-2011.
[23] FABER J, BRODZIK K, GOLDA-KOPEK A, et al.Benzene,Toluene and Xylenes Levels in New and Used Vehicles of the Same Model[J]. Journal of Environmental Science,2013,25(11):2324-2330.
[24] SCHUPP T, BOLT H M, JAECKH R, et al. Benzene and Its Methyl-Derivatives:Derivation of Maximum Exposure Levels in Automobiles[J]. Toxicology Letters,2006, 160(2):93-104.
[25] CHEN Xiaokai, ZHANG Guoqiang, ZHANG Quan, etal. Mass Concentrations of BTEX Inside Air Environment of Buses in Changsha, China[J]. Building and Environment, 2011, 46(2):421-427.
[26] CHAN L Y, LAU W L, WANG X M, et al. Preliminary Measurements of Aromatic VOCs in Public Transportation Modes in Guangzhou, China[J]. Environmental International, 2003, 29(4):429-435.
[27] CHIEN Y C. Variations in Amounts and Potential Sources of Volatile Organic Chemicals in New Cars[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2007,382(2-3):228-239.
[28] XU Bin, CHEN Xiaokai, XIONG Jianyin. Air Quality Inside Motor Vehicles'Cabins:a Review[J]. Indoor and Built Environment, 2016, 27(4):1-14.
[29]葛蕴珊,王军方,尤可为,车内空气挥发性有机物浓度测量[J].汽车工程,2009,31(3):271-273.GE Yunshan, WANG Junfang, YOU Kewei. Measurement of in-Vehicle Concentration of Volatile Organic Compounds[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2009,31(3):271-273.(in Chinese)
[30] BRODZIK K, FABER J, LOMANKIEWIEZ D. InVehicle VOCs Composition of Unconditioned Newly Produced Cars[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2014, 26:1052-1061.
[31] YOU Kewei,GE Yunshan,HU Bin,et al. Measurement of in-Vehicle Volatile Organic Compounds Under Static Conditions[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2007, 19:1208-1213.
[32] FABER J,BRODZIK K,LOMANKIEWICZ D,et al. Temperature Influence on Air Quality Inside Cabin of Conditioned Car[J]. Combustion Engines, 2012, 149:49-56.
[33] CHAN A T, CHUNG M W. Indoor-Outdoor Air Quality Relationships in Vehicle:Effect of Driving Environment and Ventilation Modes[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2003, 37(27):3795-3808.
[34] XU Bin, ZHU Yifang. Quantitative Analysis of the Parameters Affecting in-Cabin to on-Roadway(I/O)Ultrafine Particle Concentration Ratios[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology,2009, 43(5):400-410.
[35] XU Bin, WU Ya, GONG Yu, et al. Investigation of Volatile Organic Compounds Exposure Inside Vehicle Cabins in China[J]. Atmospheric Pollution Research,2016, 7(2):215-220.
[36] OTT W R, SWITZER P, WILLITS N. Carbon Monoxide Exposures Inside an Automobile Traveling on an Urban Arterial Highway[J]. Journal of the Air and Waste Management,1994, 44(8):1010-1018.
[37] PARK J, SPENGLER J D, YOON D, et al. Measurement of Air Exchange Rate of Stationary Vehicles and Estimation of in-Vehicle Exposure[J]. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 1998,8(1):65-78.
[38] ZHU Y, EIGUREN-FERNANDEZ A, HINDS W C,et al. In-Cabin Commuter Exposure to Ultrafine Particles on Los Angeles Freeways[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2007, 41(7):2138-2145.
[39] KNIBBS L D, DE DEAR R J, ATKINSON S E. Field Study of Air Change and Flow Rate in Six Automobiles[J].Indoor Air, 2009, 19(4):303-313.
[40] KNIBBS L D, DE DEAR R J, MORAWSKA L. Effect of Cabin Ventilation Rate on Ultrafine Particle Exposure Inside Automobiles[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2010, 44(9):3546-3551.
[41] FRUIN S A, HUDDA N, SIOUTAS C, et al. Predictive Model for Vehicle Air Exchange Rates Based on a Large,Representative Sample[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2011, 45(8):3569-3575.
[42] XU Bin, LIU Shusen, ZHU Yifang. Ultrafine Particle Penetration Through Idealized Vehicle Cracks[J]. Journal of Aerosol Science, 2010, 41(9):859-868.
[43] SABIN L D, BEHRENTZ E, WINER A M, et al.Characterizing the Range of Children's Air Pollutant Exposure During School Bus Commutes[J]. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology,2005, 15(5):377-387.
[44] LEE E S, STENSTROM M K, ZHU Yifang. Ultrafine Particle Infiltration into Passenger Vehicles, Part I:Experimental Evidence[J]. Transportation Research Part D, 2015, 38:156-165.
[45] LEE E S, STENSTROM M K, ZHU Yifang. Ultrafine Particle Infiltration into Passenger Vehicles, Part II:Model Analysis[J]. Transportation Research Part D,2015, 38:144-155.
[46] Indoor Air Quality Hazards of New Cars[Z]. Air Quality Sciences,Inc,2006.
[47] FABER J,BRODZIK K,GOLDA-KOPEK A,et al. Air Pollution in New Vehicles as a Result of VOC Emissions from Interior Materials[J]. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 2013, 22(6):1701-1709.
[48] WANG F, WU J G, LI L J. The Situation and Development Trend of VOC of Automobile Interior in China[J].World Plastic, 2013, 31:41-46.
[49] JANICKA A B, REKSA M, SOBIANOWSKA-TUREK A. The Impact of Car Vehicle Class on Volatile OrganicCompounds(VOC's)Concentration in Microatmosphere of Car Cabin[J]. Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport, 2010, 17(4):207-212.
[50] DUH F C. Transient Effects of Different Ventilation Methods on Car Indoor Air Quality[J]. Studies in Engineering and Technology, 2015, 2(1):70-76.
[51] TAYLOR Z T, CONOR C C, LUCAS R G. Eliminating Window-Area Restrictions in the IECC[Z]. Washington:Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,2001.
[52] MARONI M, SEIFERT B, LINDVALL T. Indoor Air Quality-a Comprehensive Reference Book:Air Quality Monographs(Vol.3)[M]. Amsterdam:Elsevier Science Publishers, 1995:819-821.
[53] THOMAS S, HERMANN M B, JAN G H. Maximum Exposure Levels for Xylene, Formaldehyde and Aceatldehyde in Cars[J]. Toxicology, 2005, 206:461-470.
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