载人深空探索中空间辐射风险评估所面临的问题和挑战
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摘要
在载人深空探索任务的计划与实施中,首先需要考虑的是确保航天员的安全和健康.空间辐射是载人深空飞行中威胁航天员健康的主要风险因素之一.本文对载人深空探索任务中空间辐射风险评估所面临的问题和挑战进行了系统地总结和分析,提出了当前与空间辐射风险评估有关的6个方面的主要问题:空间辐射品质因子的预测、低剂量/剂量率辐射风险的外推、剂量和剂量率降低效应因子的预测、个体辐射敏感性差异的甄别、微重力等空间因素对辐射风险的影响、以及太阳质子事件引起急性辐射损伤的评估等.针对这些科学问题和挑战,本文进一步讨论了在未来相应的研究或实践中需要建立和发展的主要关键技术.对载人深空探索中空间辐射风险评估所面临的科学问题和关键技术的梳理和分析可为有效降低空间辐射对航天员的健康风险提供相应的对策.
The plan and implementation of manned deep space exploration missions should first ensure the health and safety of astronauts. Space radiation, mainly coming from galactic cosmic rays(GCR), solar particle events(SPE) and trapped belt radiation(TBR), has been generally considered to be one of the most important risk factors threatening the health of astronauts in deep spaceflight missions. Health risks from these exposures mainly include four aspects: carcinogenesis,acute radiation syndrome, central nervous system damage and degenerative tissue effects, and the risk of carcinogenesis remains a primary concern for manned deep space explorations. The difference in the radiation environment between the deep space and the ground leads to a high uncertainty on the estimated health risk, which is currently the main hindrance to manned interplanetary exploration. The issues and challenges related to health risk assessment of space radiation for astronauts during manned deep space exploration missions are systematically summarized and analyzed in this paper. Six main issues were raised in space radiation risk assessment, including estimation of space radiation quality, extrapolation of low-dose/dose-rate radiation risk, prediction of dose-and dose-rate reduction effectiveness factor(DDREF), screening of differences in individual radiosensitivity, effects of microgravity and other stressors on space radiation risk, and assessment of acute radiation syndromes caused by SPE. In addition, six corresponding key technologies were also discussed to address these scientific issues and challenges for future studies and practice:(1) The more dose-response data in experimental animals is needed for estimating the relative biological effectiveness(RBE) for different high-energy charged(HZE) particle types in different tissues.(2) The improved radiobiological models including targeted and non-targeted effects models, are required for accurately estimating space radiation quality factors.(3) It is necessary to accurately estimate the DDREF for low dose and dose-rate radiations, and it should be further comfirmed whether the linear-nothreshold(LNT) model is the most appropriate way to extrapolate risk estimates in low dose and dose-rate through more relevant theoretical and experimental researches.(4) The biomarker selection techniques are important to identify the potential biomarkers associated with space radiation, and the integrated risk assessment models based on the space radiation sensitive biomarkers using systems biology approaches can improve the accuracy of predicting individual radiosensitivities and disease risks induced by space radiation.(5) The influence of microgravity and other stressors on space radiation risk need to be further investigated.(6) More accurate SPE prediction models and the corresponding acute radiation risk assessment models are also necessary in further studies. The goal of reducing the uncertainties in space radiation risk assessment can be fulfilled by an international co-operative effort in these critical technologies. The arrangement and analysis of the critical issues and key technologies of space radiation risk assessment in manned deep space exploration missions can provide the strategies of reducing the health risk of astronauts induced by space radiation.
The plan and implementation of manned deep space exploration missions should first ensure the health and safety of astronauts. Space radiation, mainly coming from galactic cosmic rays(GCR), solar particle events(SPE) and trapped belt radiation(TBR), has been generally considered to be one of the most important risk factors threatening the health of astronauts in deep spaceflight missions. Health risks from these exposures mainly include four aspects: carcinogenesis,acute radiation syndrome, central nervous system damage and degenerative tissue effects, and the risk of carcinogenesis remains a primary concern for manned deep space explorations. The difference in the radiation environment between the deep space and the ground leads to a high uncertainty on the estimated health risk, which is currently the main hindrance to manned interplanetary exploration. The issues and challenges related to health risk assessment of space radiation for astronauts during manned deep space exploration missions are systematically summarized and analyzed in this paper. Six main issues were raised in space radiation risk assessment, including estimation of space radiation quality, extrapolation of low-dose/dose-rate radiation risk, prediction of dose-and dose-rate reduction effectiveness factor(DDREF), screening of differences in individual radiosensitivity, effects of microgravity and other stressors on space radiation risk, and assessment of acute radiation syndromes caused by SPE. In addition, six corresponding key technologies were also discussed to address these scientific issues and challenges for future studies and practice:(1) The more dose-response data in experimental animals is needed for estimating the relative biological effectiveness(RBE) for different high-energy charged(HZE) particle types in different tissues.(2) The improved radiobiological models including targeted and non-targeted effects models, are required for accurately estimating space radiation quality factors.(3) It is necessary to accurately estimate the DDREF for low dose and dose-rate radiations, and it should be further comfirmed whether the linear-nothreshold(LNT) model is the most appropriate way to extrapolate risk estimates in low dose and dose-rate through more relevant theoretical and experimental researches.(4) The biomarker selection techniques are important to identify the potential biomarkers associated with space radiation, and the integrated risk assessment models based on the space radiation sensitive biomarkers using systems biology approaches can improve the accuracy of predicting individual radiosensitivities and disease risks induced by space radiation.(5) The influence of microgravity and other stressors on space radiation risk need to be further investigated.(6) More accurate SPE prediction models and the corresponding acute radiation risk assessment models are also necessary in further studies. The goal of reducing the uncertainties in space radiation risk assessment can be fulfilled by an international co-operative effort in these critical technologies. The arrangement and analysis of the critical issues and key technologies of space radiation risk assessment in manned deep space exploration missions can provide the strategies of reducing the health risk of astronauts induced by space radiation.
引文
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