清末都察院改革:方案设计、改革结果及其影响
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摘要
都察院是清代的监察机构。在改革中朝臣提出了诸多方案,朝廷最终采用调整并保留都察院,同时设立行政裁判院的制度设计。集监察与诉讼于一体的并行体制在中国行政监察史上具有一定价值。行政诉讼与行政监察在理论及实践上有自身的逻辑,改革者对此应做出符合时代的选择。
The Court of Censors is the supervision institution which can supervise the liegeman and maintain the imperial power.In the process of introducing western administrative litigation,the empire began to reform the Court of Censors.The courtiers proposed many plans,and the empire eventually adopted the system of adjusting and retaining the Court of Censors and setting up administrative tribunals.The dual mechanism system has become a reality in the early years of the Republic of China.Although the system has a short time,it has a certain value in the history of China's administrative supervision.Administrative litigation and administrative supervision have their own characteristics and logic.The reformers should make the choice of the times.
The Court of Censors is the supervision institution which can supervise the liegeman and maintain the imperial power.In the process of introducing western administrative litigation,the empire began to reform the Court of Censors.The courtiers proposed many plans,and the empire eventually adopted the system of adjusting and retaining the Court of Censors and setting up administrative tribunals.The dual mechanism system has become a reality in the early years of the Republic of China.Although the system has a short time,it has a certain value in the history of China's administrative supervision.Administrative litigation and administrative supervision have their own characteristics and logic.The reformers should make the choice of the times.
引文
[1](汉)司马迁.史记[M].北京:中华书局,1959:6.
[2][3](清)张廷玉.明史[M].北京:中华书局,1974:1805-1806.1768.
[4]孟森.明清史论著集刊[M].北京:中华书局,1959:135-136.
[5](清)王士祯.香祖笔记[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1982:80.
[6][美]吉尔伯特·罗兹曼.中国的现代化[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,1989:274.
[7][8][9][10][11]故宫博物院明清档案部:清末筹备立宪档案史料(上册)[M],北京:中华书局,1979:374,445-447,470,512-513,518-519.
[12](清)赵尔巽等.清史稿[M].北京:中华书局,1977:12816.
[13]陈旭麓.宋教仁集(上册)[M].北京:中华书局,1981:281-284.
(1)杂端,也称端公,即侍御史知杂,也叫知杂御史。御史台的第三号人物,权位仅次于御史大夫和御史中丞。唐中后期,尤其是“安史之乱”后,基本不设御史大夫,那么知杂御史就成为二把手。知杂御史居三院御史领袖地位,为唐时职官,宋时已不多见。
(2)《清稗类钞》收录谏诤类事件124件,涉及很多直言弹劾的御史,顺治时的魏裔介、康熙时的郭琇、雍正时的孙嘉淦、乾隆时的杭世骏、钱沣,道光时的谏垣三直(陈庆镛、朱琦、苏廷魁)、光宣时的台谏三霖(湘赵启霖、闽江春霖、桂赵炳霖)等。
[2][3](清)张廷玉.明史[M].北京:中华书局,1974:1805-1806.1768.
[4]孟森.明清史论著集刊[M].北京:中华书局,1959:135-136.
[5](清)王士祯.香祖笔记[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1982:80.
[6][美]吉尔伯特·罗兹曼.中国的现代化[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,1989:274.
[7][8][9][10][11]故宫博物院明清档案部:清末筹备立宪档案史料(上册)[M],北京:中华书局,1979:374,445-447,470,512-513,518-519.
[12](清)赵尔巽等.清史稿[M].北京:中华书局,1977:12816.
[13]陈旭麓.宋教仁集(上册)[M].北京:中华书局,1981:281-284.
(1)杂端,也称端公,即侍御史知杂,也叫知杂御史。御史台的第三号人物,权位仅次于御史大夫和御史中丞。唐中后期,尤其是“安史之乱”后,基本不设御史大夫,那么知杂御史就成为二把手。知杂御史居三院御史领袖地位,为唐时职官,宋时已不多见。
(2)《清稗类钞》收录谏诤类事件124件,涉及很多直言弹劾的御史,顺治时的魏裔介、康熙时的郭琇、雍正时的孙嘉淦、乾隆时的杭世骏、钱沣,道光时的谏垣三直(陈庆镛、朱琦、苏廷魁)、光宣时的台谏三霖(湘赵启霖、闽江春霖、桂赵炳霖)等。