可调节式秸秆粉碎抛撒还田机设计与试验
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摘要
针对秸秆粉碎还田机粉碎后的秸秆抛撒均匀度差和幅宽不可调节等问题,设计了一种可调节式秸秆粉碎抛撒还田机。该机主要由曲面机壳、粉碎装置、抛撒装置和传动装置等组成,可以实现玉米、小麦秸秆的粉碎和粉碎后秸秆的抛撒还田。曲面机壳包括对数螺旋线型前壳体、左侧板、右侧板和后挡板等。Fluent仿真分析结果表明,曲面机壳相比传统折线型机壳有利于提高秸秆在机壳内的流动性。粉碎装置包括粉碎刀轴、组合甩刀、定刀等,其中粉碎刀轴两端装有扇形叶片,提高了曲面机壳内流体流动速度和曲面机壳入口处秸秆喂入性能。在曲面机壳出口处增加了装有导向叶片的导流板,并设计了一种同步调节所有导向叶片的导向叶片同步调节装置,实现了粉碎后秸秆抛撒幅宽、均匀度的可调节。田间试验表明,在拖拉机前进速度为1.8 m/s,秸秆平均含水率为78.4%,拖拉机动力输出轴转速为540 r/min的未收获玉米地里,秸秆粉碎长度合格率达90.01%,平均抛撒幅宽达2 223.3 mm,平均留茬高度为62.0 mm,抛撒不均匀度为22.95%,各项性能指标均满足要求。
A straw chopper cum spreader was developed to deal with the problems of unadjustable chopped straw spreading uniformity and width. The machine which was mainly composed of a curved shell,transmission system,eight guide vanes,a deflector,a guide vane regulating device,a running gear,a hood and a straw chopping device can realize the function of crop straw chopping and chopped straw spreading. The front casing of the shell was a logarithmic spiral line surface,and the equation of the front casing was built. The comparison between curved type shell and break line type shell was made by using Fluent software,the results of which showed that the curved type shell could improve the flowability of straw in the shell. A row of stationary blades was mounted to support the chopping process of the combined flails,which could help to reduce length of the chopped straw. The distance between the stationary blade and combined flail was determined according to the chopping quality. The fan-shaped blades which were mounted on both side of the roller increased the fluid flow rate,and improved the straw feeding ability. The guide vane can guide the flow of chopped straw at the outlet of the shell,which improved the spreading uniformity of the chopped straw. The guide vane regulating device can control the spreading width,velocity and uniformity of the chopped straw by adjusting the guide vanes position on the deflector. The structural parameters of the guide vane regulating device were determined according to the features of mechanisms. Field experiment results showed that with the forward speed of 1. 8 m/s,straw moisture of 78. 4%,and PTO rotation speed of 540 r/min in the unharvested cornfield,the machine could achieve a qualification rate of straw chopping of 90. 01%,spreading width of 2 223. 3 mm,average stubble height of 62. 0 mm,and spreading unevenness of 22. 95%. The performance indexes of the machine satisfied the agronomic requirements of returning straw onto soil surface. The research can provide some references for the design of new chopper with good straw chopping and spreading ability.
A straw chopper cum spreader was developed to deal with the problems of unadjustable chopped straw spreading uniformity and width. The machine which was mainly composed of a curved shell,transmission system,eight guide vanes,a deflector,a guide vane regulating device,a running gear,a hood and a straw chopping device can realize the function of crop straw chopping and chopped straw spreading. The front casing of the shell was a logarithmic spiral line surface,and the equation of the front casing was built. The comparison between curved type shell and break line type shell was made by using Fluent software,the results of which showed that the curved type shell could improve the flowability of straw in the shell. A row of stationary blades was mounted to support the chopping process of the combined flails,which could help to reduce length of the chopped straw. The distance between the stationary blade and combined flail was determined according to the chopping quality. The fan-shaped blades which were mounted on both side of the roller increased the fluid flow rate,and improved the straw feeding ability. The guide vane can guide the flow of chopped straw at the outlet of the shell,which improved the spreading uniformity of the chopped straw. The guide vane regulating device can control the spreading width,velocity and uniformity of the chopped straw by adjusting the guide vanes position on the deflector. The structural parameters of the guide vane regulating device were determined according to the features of mechanisms. Field experiment results showed that with the forward speed of 1. 8 m/s,straw moisture of 78. 4%,and PTO rotation speed of 540 r/min in the unharvested cornfield,the machine could achieve a qualification rate of straw chopping of 90. 01%,spreading width of 2 223. 3 mm,average stubble height of 62. 0 mm,and spreading unevenness of 22. 95%. The performance indexes of the machine satisfied the agronomic requirements of returning straw onto soil surface. The research can provide some references for the design of new chopper with good straw chopping and spreading ability.
引文
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15李明,王金丽,邓怡国,等.1GYF-120型甘蔗叶粉碎还田机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(2):121-126.LI Ming,WANG Jinli,DENG Yiguo,et al.Structural design and experiments on sugarcane leaf shattering and returning machine[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2008,24(2):121-126.(in Chinese)
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2丁红利,马晓玥,李玖然,等.玉米秸秆对土壤有机质含量及微生物群落结构的影响[J].贵州农业科学,2016,44(10):77-83.DING Hongli,MA Xiaoyue,LI Jiuran,et al.Effects of cornstalk on organic matter content and microbial community structure in soil[J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2016,44(10):77-83.(in Chinese)
3 PRASAD R,GANGAIAH B,AIPE K.Effect of crop residue management in a rice-wheat cropping systems on growth and yield of crops and on soil fertility[J].Experimental Agriculture,1999,35(4):427-435.
4 BALWINDER-SINGH,HUMPHREYS E,EBERBACH P L,et al.Growth,yield and water productivity of zero till wheat as affected by rice straw mulch and irrigation schedule[J].Field Crops Research,2011,121(2):209-225.
5贾洪雷,姜鑫铭,郭明卓,等.V-L型秸秆粉碎还田刀片设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(1):28-33.JIA Honglei,JIANG Xinming,GUO Mingzhuo,et al.Design and experiment of V-L shaped smashed straw blade[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(1):28-33.(in Chinese)
6徐春华,介战.T型板刀式秸秆还田机刀辊设计[J].拖拉机与农用运输车,2014,41(5):50-51,54.XU Chunhua,JIE Zhan.Design of T-type plate knife roller of straw returning machine[J].Tractor&Farm Transporter,2014,41(5):50-51,54.(in Chinese)
7李果,李粤,张喜瑞,等.秸秆粉碎还田机甩刀的设计[J].农机化研究,2014,36(8):122-125.LI Guo,LI Yue,ZHANG Xirui,et al.Design on the flail of straw chopper machine to field[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2014,36(8):122-125.(in Chinese)
8张世芳,赵树朋,马跃进,等.秸秆还田机鞭式刀具的研究[J].农业机械学报,2004,35(2):59-61.ZHANG Shifang,ZHAO Shupeng,MA Yuejin,et al.Research of scourge-type reamer used for straw returning machine[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2004,35(2):59-61.(in Chinese)
9邱进,吴明亮,官春云,等.动定刀同轴水稻秸秆切碎还田装置结构设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(10):11-19.QIU Jin,WU Mingliang,GUAN Chunyun,et al.Design and experiment of chopping device with dynamic fixed knife coaxial for rice straw[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(10):11-19.(in Chinese)
10陈松涛,周学建,师清翔,等.小麦秸秆还田机粉碎装置性能影响因素试验与优化[J].农业机械学报,2007,38(9):67-70,62.CHEN Songtao,ZHOU Xuejian,SHI Qingxiang,et al.Experiment and optimization on factors affecting the performance of wheat stalk macerator smashing devices[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2007,38(9):67-70,62.(in Chinese)
11史建新,陈发,郭俊先,等.抛送式棉秆粉碎还田机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(3):68-72.SHI Jianxin,CHEN Fa,GUO Junxian,et al.Design and experimental research of the field straw chopper with throwing cotton-stalk[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2006,22(3):68-72.(in Chinese)
12 SINGH A,DHALIWA I,DIXIT A.Performance evaluation of tractor mounted straw chopper cum spreader for paddy straw management[J].Indian Journal of Agricultural Research,2011,45(1):21-29.
13王超,张喜瑞,李粤,等.预切组合式香蕉茎秆粉碎还田机的设计[J].农机化研究,2017,39(6):111-114,119.WANG Chao,ZHANG Xirui,LI Yue,et al.Design of the pre-cutting combined type of banana stalk chopper[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2017,39(6):111-114,119.(in Chinese)
14李亚萍,蒙贺伟,贾健,等.4JH-220型秸秆粉碎还田机的研制[J].农机化研究,2015,37(7):143-146.LI Yaping,MENG Hewei,JIA Jian,et al.Development of 4JH-220 shattering and returning machine[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2015,37(7):143-146.(in Chinese)
15李明,王金丽,邓怡国,等.1GYF-120型甘蔗叶粉碎还田机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(2):121-126.LI Ming,WANG Jinli,DENG Yiguo,et al.Structural design and experiments on sugarcane leaf shattering and returning machine[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2008,24(2):121-126.(in Chinese)
16 WILLIAM F,TIMOTHY A,HARRY L.Chaff and straw spreader for a plot combine[J].Agronomy Journal,2008,100(2):388-389.
17俞佳芝,余泳昌,朱星贤,等.4Q-1.5型秸秆粉碎机主要工作部件参数确定与校核[J].农机化研究,2006,28(9):74-76,79.YU Jiazhi,YU Yongchang,ZHU Xingxian,et al.Parameter determination and examination of the 4Q-1.5-type straw stalk grinder main working part[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2006,28(9):74-76,79.(in Chinese)
18 LAZZARETTO A,TOFFOLO A,MARTEGANI A.On cross-flow fan similarity effects of casing shape[J].ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering,2001,123(3):523-531.
19 TOFFOLO A,LAZZARETTO A,MARTEGANI A.Cross-flow fan design guidelines for multi-objective performance optimization[J].Pro.IMech E,Part A,Journal of Power&Energy,2004,218(1):33-42.
20 PORTER A M,MARKLAND E.A study of the cross flow fan[J].Journal Mechanical Engineering Science,1970,12(6):421-431.
21毛罕平,陈翠英.秸秆还田机工作机理与参数分析[J].农业工程学报,1995,11(4):62-66.MAO Hanping,CHEN Cuiying.Working mechanism and parameters determination of field straw chopper[J].Transactions of the CSAE,1995,11(4):62-66.(in Chinese)
22甘声豹,李粤,张喜瑞,等.喂入式立轴甩刀香蕉秸秆粉碎还田机设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(13):10-19.GAN Shengbao,LI Yue,ZHANG Xirui,et al.Design and experiment on banana stalk chopper with feeding type spindle flail[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2014,30(13):10-19.(in Chinese)
23付雪高.甘蔗叶粉碎还田机关键部件研究[D].海口:海南大学,2010.FU Xuegao.Sugarcane leaves smash-field machine's components research[D].Haikou:Hainan University,2010.(in Chinese)
24郭茜,张西良,徐云峰,等.藤茎类秸秆专用切割刀片的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(24):47-53.GUO Qian,ZHANG Xiliang,XU Yunfeng,et al.Design and experiment of cutting blade for cane straw[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2014,30(24):47-53.(in Chinese)
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