模拟降雨条件下红壤坡面侵蚀产沙水动力学特征
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摘要
[目的]对红壤坡面侵蚀过程中的产流、产沙以及坡面径流水动力学参数进行试验研究,为揭示红壤坡面侵蚀产沙机理提供科学依据。[方法]以我国南方侵蚀性红壤为研究对象,采用人工模拟降雨法,通过不同坡度(6°,10°和15°),不同雨强(120,180和240 mm/h)条件下的模拟试验分析红壤坡面产流产沙过程及径流水动力学特征。[结果]在坡度一致时,坡面累积径流量和累积产沙量均随雨强的增大而增大,径流率表现为初期的波动增长,随降雨进行逐渐达到稳定状态,且径流率随坡度增大而增大;坡面产沙过程受坡度和雨强的双重影响;侵蚀产沙率呈降雨初期急剧上升,随后迅速下降并趋于平稳的趋势。试验坡面的径流水动力学特征表明,阻力系数f与雷诺数R_e无明显的相关关系,但与弗洛德数F_r存在显著的指数关系。[结论]径流水动力学参数与侵蚀产沙量之间存在明显相关关系,相比较而言,径流雷诺数R_e与坡面侵蚀产沙量间的关系最密切。
[Objective] The experimental studied runoff yield, sediment yield and runoff hydrodynamic parameters during erosion process of red soil slope in order to provide the basis for revealing the mechanism of slope erosion and sediment yield on red soil slope. [Methods] Red soil was used, a total of 18 rainfall simulation experiments were conducted in a 8.0 m long drainable flume, with treatments including three levels of typical slope gradients(6°, 10°,15°) and three rainfall intensities(120, 180, 240 mm/h). The processes of runoff generation, sediment yielding, and runoff hydrodynamic characteristics variation were analyzed. [Results] The accumulative runoff and sediment load significantly increased with the increasing of rainfall intensity under the same slope gradient. The runoff rate variation showed a steady state after an initial increased fluctuation. The sediment yield rate increased with the increases of both rainfall intensity and slope gradient. The sediment generation process showed a variation that increased rapidly at the beginning and decreased quickly with the experiment time passed. There was a good exponent relationship between Froude numbers and Reynolds numbers, while flow Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficients and Reynolds numbers had no obvious correlation. [Conclusion] There is a significant correlation between runoff hydrodynamic parameters and erosion sediment yield. By comparison, Reynolds number of runoff is the most closely related to slope erosion sediment yield.
[Objective] The experimental studied runoff yield, sediment yield and runoff hydrodynamic parameters during erosion process of red soil slope in order to provide the basis for revealing the mechanism of slope erosion and sediment yield on red soil slope. [Methods] Red soil was used, a total of 18 rainfall simulation experiments were conducted in a 8.0 m long drainable flume, with treatments including three levels of typical slope gradients(6°, 10°,15°) and three rainfall intensities(120, 180, 240 mm/h). The processes of runoff generation, sediment yielding, and runoff hydrodynamic characteristics variation were analyzed. [Results] The accumulative runoff and sediment load significantly increased with the increasing of rainfall intensity under the same slope gradient. The runoff rate variation showed a steady state after an initial increased fluctuation. The sediment yield rate increased with the increases of both rainfall intensity and slope gradient. The sediment generation process showed a variation that increased rapidly at the beginning and decreased quickly with the experiment time passed. There was a good exponent relationship between Froude numbers and Reynolds numbers, while flow Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficients and Reynolds numbers had no obvious correlation. [Conclusion] There is a significant correlation between runoff hydrodynamic parameters and erosion sediment yield. By comparison, Reynolds number of runoff is the most closely related to slope erosion sediment yield.
引文
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[19] Assouline S,Ben-Hur M.Effects of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on the dynamics of interrill erosion during soil surface sealing [J].Catena,2006,66(3):211-220.
[20] 耿晓东,郑粉莉,张会茹.红壤坡面降雨入渗及产流产沙特征试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(4):39-43.
[21] 靳长兴.坡度在坡面侵蚀中的作用[J].地理研究,1996,15(3):57-63.
[22] 梁志权,张思毅,卓慕宁,等.不同雨强及坡度对华南红壤侵蚀过程的影响[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(2):1-6.
[23] 潘成忠,上官周平.不同坡度草地含沙水流水力学特性及其拦沙机理[J].水科学进展,2007,18(4):490-495.
[24] Gilley J E,Kottwitz E R,Simanton J R.Hydraulic characteristics of rills.[J].Transactions of the Asae,1990,33(6):1900-1906.
[25] Foster G R,Huggins L F,Meyer L D.A Laboratory Study of Rill Hydraulics(I):Velocity Relationships [J].Transactions of the ASAE,1984,27(3):790-796.
[26] 张锐波,张丽萍,付兴涛.坡面侵蚀产沙与水力学特征参数关系模拟[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(5):81-86.
[27] 郭太龙,王全九,王力,等.黄土坡面水力学特征参数与土壤侵蚀量间关系研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2008,6(4):7-11,27.
[2] Pan Chengzhong,Shangguan Zhouping.Runoff hydraulic characteristics and sediment generation in sloped grassplots under simulated rainfall conditions[J].Journal of Hydrology,2006,331(1):178-185.
[3] 丁文峰,李亚龙,王一峰,等.人工模拟降雨条件下紫色土坡面流水动力学参数特征[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(2):66-69.
[4] 郭忠录,马美景,蔡崇法,等.模拟降雨径流作用下红壤坡面侵蚀水动力学机制[J].长江流域资源与环境,2017,26(1):152-159.
[5] Shi Zhihua.,Fang Nufang,Wu Fengzhi,et al.Soil erosion processes and sediment sorting associated with transport mechanisms on steep slopes[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,454/455(3):123-130.
[6] Asadi H,Ghadiri H,Rose C W,et al.Interrill soil erosion processes and their interaction on low slopes[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2010,32(5):711-724.
[7] 柳玉梅,张光辉,李丽娟,等.坡面流水动力学参数对土壤分离能力的定量影响[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(6):96-99.
[8] 张宽地,王光谦,吕宏兴,等.模拟降雨条件下坡面流水动力学特性研究[J].水科学进展,2012,23(2):229-235.
[9] Zhao Xining,Wu Pute,Chen Xiaoli,et al.Runoff and sediment yield under simulated rainfall on hillslopes in the Loess Plateau of China [J].Soil Research,2013,51(1):50-58.
[10] 张光辉,刘宝元,何小武.黄土区原状土壤分离过程的水动力学机理研究[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(4):48-52.
[11] 肖培青,郑粉莉,汪晓勇,等.黄土坡面侵蚀方式演变与侵蚀产沙过程试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(1):24-27.
[12] 耿晓东.主要水蚀区坡面土壤侵蚀过程与机理对比研究[D].陕西杨凌:中国科学院研究生院(教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心),2010.
[13] 聂小东,李忠武,王晓燕,等.雨强对红壤坡耕地泥沙流失及有机碳富集的影响规律研究[J].土壤学报,2013,50(5):900-908.
[14] 史志华,闫峰陵,李朝霞,等.红壤表土团聚体破碎方式对坡面产流过程的影响[J].自然科学进展,2007,17(2):217-224.
[15] 王丽园,查轩,黄少燕,等.不同雨强条件下坡度对红壤坡面侵蚀的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(5):40-44.
[16] 张会茹,郑粉莉.不同降雨强度下地面坡度对红壤坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(3):40-43.
[17] 张欢.湖南省主要城市降水特性分析及设计雨型研究[D].湖南长沙:湖南大学,2018.
[18] 史志华,郭国先,曾之俊,等.武汉降雨侵蚀力特征与日降雨侵蚀力模型研究[J].中国水土保持,2006 (1):22-24.
[19] Assouline S,Ben-Hur M.Effects of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on the dynamics of interrill erosion during soil surface sealing [J].Catena,2006,66(3):211-220.
[20] 耿晓东,郑粉莉,张会茹.红壤坡面降雨入渗及产流产沙特征试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(4):39-43.
[21] 靳长兴.坡度在坡面侵蚀中的作用[J].地理研究,1996,15(3):57-63.
[22] 梁志权,张思毅,卓慕宁,等.不同雨强及坡度对华南红壤侵蚀过程的影响[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(2):1-6.
[23] 潘成忠,上官周平.不同坡度草地含沙水流水力学特性及其拦沙机理[J].水科学进展,2007,18(4):490-495.
[24] Gilley J E,Kottwitz E R,Simanton J R.Hydraulic characteristics of rills.[J].Transactions of the Asae,1990,33(6):1900-1906.
[25] Foster G R,Huggins L F,Meyer L D.A Laboratory Study of Rill Hydraulics(I):Velocity Relationships [J].Transactions of the ASAE,1984,27(3):790-796.
[26] 张锐波,张丽萍,付兴涛.坡面侵蚀产沙与水力学特征参数关系模拟[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(5):81-86.
[27] 郭太龙,王全九,王力,等.黄土坡面水力学特征参数与土壤侵蚀量间关系研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2008,6(4):7-11,27.