酸性土壤可持续利用
|
摘要
酸性土壤主要分布于水热资源丰富的热带和亚热带地区,植物生产潜力巨大。由于酸性土壤中存在酸害、铝毒和养分缺乏等多种胁迫因子,酸性土壤的植物生产潜力难以充分发挥。全球酸性土壤约占陆地总面积的30%,约50%耕地和潜在可耕地属于酸性土壤,中国酸性土壤约占国土总面积的22.7%。发挥酸性土壤的作物生产潜力,将为保障粮食安全做出巨大贡献。酸性土壤不仅限制了农业生产力,而且对生物多样性和生态环境造成了负面影响。酸性土壤可持续利用对于农业生产和生态环境保护均具有重要意义。酸性土壤的可持续利用可以通过土壤酸性改良和肥力并重提高、化肥和有机肥施用相结合、充分利用植物遗传潜力、发挥酸性土壤生态功能等一系列对策加以实现。自然条件下的土壤酸化本身是一个缓慢过程,但是人类活动如氮肥过量施用和大量酸沉降,极大地加速了土壤酸化。将来的研究应从降低氮肥的施用量和酸沉降的排放量来减缓土壤酸化速率,前者主要依赖于氮肥利用率的提高,后者主要依赖于工业化技术的提高和国家政策制度。
Acid soils are mainly distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions with abundant heat and water resource and have a huge potential for agricultural production. However, some co-existing soil stresses such as soil acidity, aluminum toxicity, and nutrient deficiency greatly limit the agricultural production potential in acid soils. In the world, acid soils cover approximately 30% of the global land and up to 50% of cultivable and potentially arable land. In China, acid soils account for about 22.7% of the total land area.Improving the capability of plants to adapt to the stressful factors in acid soils can contribute to food security.Acid soils not only limit agricultural productivity but also have negative effects on ecological environments, the sustainable use of acid soils can play an important role in agricultural productivity and ecological environments. We can realize the sustainable use of acid soils through increasing soil pH value and fertility,applying chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers, using plant genetic potentiality, and developing soil ecological functions. Natural soil acidification is a very slow process, but various anthropogenic activities,especially the overuse of nitrogen fertilizer and acid depositions, greatly accelerate soil acidification. Soil acidification can be decelerated through decreasing the application rate of nitrogen fertilizers and the deposition of acids, and the former depends on the improvement of nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency while the latter depends on the improvement of industrial technology and national policies.
Acid soils are mainly distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions with abundant heat and water resource and have a huge potential for agricultural production. However, some co-existing soil stresses such as soil acidity, aluminum toxicity, and nutrient deficiency greatly limit the agricultural production potential in acid soils. In the world, acid soils cover approximately 30% of the global land and up to 50% of cultivable and potentially arable land. In China, acid soils account for about 22.7% of the total land area.Improving the capability of plants to adapt to the stressful factors in acid soils can contribute to food security.Acid soils not only limit agricultural productivity but also have negative effects on ecological environments, the sustainable use of acid soils can play an important role in agricultural productivity and ecological environments. We can realize the sustainable use of acid soils through increasing soil pH value and fertility,applying chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers, using plant genetic potentiality, and developing soil ecological functions. Natural soil acidification is a very slow process, but various anthropogenic activities,especially the overuse of nitrogen fertilizer and acid depositions, greatly accelerate soil acidification. Soil acidification can be decelerated through decreasing the application rate of nitrogen fertilizers and the deposition of acids, and the former depends on the improvement of nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency while the latter depends on the improvement of industrial technology and national policies.
引文
[1]von Uexküll H R,Mutert E.Global extent,development and economic impact of acid soils[J].Plant and Soil,1995,171:1-15.
[2]沈仁芳.铝在土壤-植物中的行为及植物的适应机制[D].北京:科学出版社,2008.
[3]Guo J H,Liu X J,Zhang Y,et al.Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands[J].Science,2010,327:1008-1010.
[4]Zhu Q,Vries W D,Liu X,et al.The contribution of atmospheric deposition and forest harvesting to forest soil acidification in China since 1980[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,146:215-222.
[5]Yang Y,Ji C,Ma W,Wang S,et al.Significant soil acidification across northern China's grasslands during 1980s-2000s[J].Global Change Biology,2012,18:2292-2300.
[6]Liang L Z,Zhao X Q,Yi X Y,et al.Excessive application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers induces soil acidification and phosphorus enrichment during vegetable production in Yangtze River Delta,China[J].Soil Use and Management,2013,29:161-168.
[7]He Z,Yang X,Baligar V C.Increasing nutrient utilization and crop production in the red soil regions of China[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2001,32:1251-1263.
[8]Zhao X Q,Chen R F,Shen R F.Coadaptation of plants to multiple stresses in acidic soils[J].Soil Science,2014,179:503-513.
[9]赵学强,沈仁芳.提高铝毒胁迫下植物氮磷利用的策略分析[J].植物生理学报,2015,51(10):1583-1589.
[10]Ma J F.Syndrome of aluminum toxicity and diversity of aluminum resistance in higher plants[J].International Review of Cytology,2007,264:225-252.
[11]Ryan P R,Tyerman S D,Sasaki T,et al.The identification of aluminium-resistance genes provides opportunities for enhancing crop production on acid soils[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2011,62:9-20.
[12]陈荣府,董晓英,赵学强,等.木本植物适应酸性土壤机理的研究进展-以胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor)和油茶(Camellia oleifera)为例[J].土壤,2015,47(2):252-258。
[13]Zhao X Q,Shen R F.Aluminum-nitrogen interactions in the soilplant system[J].Frontiers in Plant Science,2018,9:807.
[14]Zhao X Q,Guo S W,Shinmachi F,et al.Aluminum tolerance in rice is antagonistic with nitrate preference and synergistic with ammonium preference[J].Annals of Botany,2013,111:69-77.
[15]Zhao X Q,Shen R F,Sun Q B.Ammonium under solution culture alleviates aluminum toxicity in rice and reduces aluminum accumulation in roots compared with nitrate[J].Plant and Soil,2009,315:107-121.
[16]Wang W,Zhao X Q,Hu Z M,et al.Aluminium alleviates manganese toxicity to rice by decreasing root symplastic Mn uptake and reducing availability to shoots of Mn stored in roots[J].Annals of Botany,2015,116:237-246.
[17]Azevedo L B,Zelm R V,Hendriks A J,et al.Global assessment of the effects of terrestrial acidification on plant species richness[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,174:10-15.
[18]Chen W,Xu R,Hu T,et al.Soil-mediated effects of acidification as the major driver of species loss following N enrichment in a semiarid grassland[J].Plant and Soil,2017,419:541-556.
[19]Stevens C J,Dise N B,Mountford J O,et al.Impact of nitrogen deposition on the species richness of grasslands[J].Science,2004,303:1876-1879.
[20]刘芳,李琪,申聪聪,等.长白山不同海拔梯度裸肉足虫群落分布特征[J].生物多样性,2014,22(5):608-617.
[21]齐莎,赵小蓉,郑海霞,等.内蒙古典型草原连续5年施用氮磷肥土壤生物多样性的变化[J].生态学报,2010,30(20):5518-5526.
[22]Zhao X Q,Aizawa T,Schneider J,et al.Complete mitochondrial genome of the aluminum-tolerant fungus Rhodotorula taiwanensis RS1 and comparative analysis of Basidiomycota mitochondrial genomes[J].Microbiology Open,2013,2:308-317.
[23]Che J,Zhao X Q,Zhou X,et al.High pH-enhanced soil nitrification was associated with ammonia-oxidizing bacteria rather than archaea in acidic soils[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2015,85:21-29.
[24]许中坚,刘广深,刘维屏.人为因素诱导下的红壤酸化机制及其防治[J].农业环境保护,2002,21(2):175-178.
[25]Chen R F,Shen R F,Gu P,et al.Investigation of aluminum tolerance species in acid soils of South Chicna[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2008,39:1493-1506.
[2]沈仁芳.铝在土壤-植物中的行为及植物的适应机制[D].北京:科学出版社,2008.
[3]Guo J H,Liu X J,Zhang Y,et al.Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands[J].Science,2010,327:1008-1010.
[4]Zhu Q,Vries W D,Liu X,et al.The contribution of atmospheric deposition and forest harvesting to forest soil acidification in China since 1980[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,146:215-222.
[5]Yang Y,Ji C,Ma W,Wang S,et al.Significant soil acidification across northern China's grasslands during 1980s-2000s[J].Global Change Biology,2012,18:2292-2300.
[6]Liang L Z,Zhao X Q,Yi X Y,et al.Excessive application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers induces soil acidification and phosphorus enrichment during vegetable production in Yangtze River Delta,China[J].Soil Use and Management,2013,29:161-168.
[7]He Z,Yang X,Baligar V C.Increasing nutrient utilization and crop production in the red soil regions of China[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2001,32:1251-1263.
[8]Zhao X Q,Chen R F,Shen R F.Coadaptation of plants to multiple stresses in acidic soils[J].Soil Science,2014,179:503-513.
[9]赵学强,沈仁芳.提高铝毒胁迫下植物氮磷利用的策略分析[J].植物生理学报,2015,51(10):1583-1589.
[10]Ma J F.Syndrome of aluminum toxicity and diversity of aluminum resistance in higher plants[J].International Review of Cytology,2007,264:225-252.
[11]Ryan P R,Tyerman S D,Sasaki T,et al.The identification of aluminium-resistance genes provides opportunities for enhancing crop production on acid soils[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2011,62:9-20.
[12]陈荣府,董晓英,赵学强,等.木本植物适应酸性土壤机理的研究进展-以胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor)和油茶(Camellia oleifera)为例[J].土壤,2015,47(2):252-258。
[13]Zhao X Q,Shen R F.Aluminum-nitrogen interactions in the soilplant system[J].Frontiers in Plant Science,2018,9:807.
[14]Zhao X Q,Guo S W,Shinmachi F,et al.Aluminum tolerance in rice is antagonistic with nitrate preference and synergistic with ammonium preference[J].Annals of Botany,2013,111:69-77.
[15]Zhao X Q,Shen R F,Sun Q B.Ammonium under solution culture alleviates aluminum toxicity in rice and reduces aluminum accumulation in roots compared with nitrate[J].Plant and Soil,2009,315:107-121.
[16]Wang W,Zhao X Q,Hu Z M,et al.Aluminium alleviates manganese toxicity to rice by decreasing root symplastic Mn uptake and reducing availability to shoots of Mn stored in roots[J].Annals of Botany,2015,116:237-246.
[17]Azevedo L B,Zelm R V,Hendriks A J,et al.Global assessment of the effects of terrestrial acidification on plant species richness[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,174:10-15.
[18]Chen W,Xu R,Hu T,et al.Soil-mediated effects of acidification as the major driver of species loss following N enrichment in a semiarid grassland[J].Plant and Soil,2017,419:541-556.
[19]Stevens C J,Dise N B,Mountford J O,et al.Impact of nitrogen deposition on the species richness of grasslands[J].Science,2004,303:1876-1879.
[20]刘芳,李琪,申聪聪,等.长白山不同海拔梯度裸肉足虫群落分布特征[J].生物多样性,2014,22(5):608-617.
[21]齐莎,赵小蓉,郑海霞,等.内蒙古典型草原连续5年施用氮磷肥土壤生物多样性的变化[J].生态学报,2010,30(20):5518-5526.
[22]Zhao X Q,Aizawa T,Schneider J,et al.Complete mitochondrial genome of the aluminum-tolerant fungus Rhodotorula taiwanensis RS1 and comparative analysis of Basidiomycota mitochondrial genomes[J].Microbiology Open,2013,2:308-317.
[23]Che J,Zhao X Q,Zhou X,et al.High pH-enhanced soil nitrification was associated with ammonia-oxidizing bacteria rather than archaea in acidic soils[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2015,85:21-29.
[24]许中坚,刘广深,刘维屏.人为因素诱导下的红壤酸化机制及其防治[J].农业环境保护,2002,21(2):175-178.
[25]Chen R F,Shen R F,Gu P,et al.Investigation of aluminum tolerance species in acid soils of South Chicna[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2008,39:1493-1506.