华北克拉通东部岩石圈地幔碳酸盐熔体交代作用与克拉通破坏
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摘要
华北克拉通东部在早白垩世经历了显著的破坏作用,不同性质熔/流体活动对岩石圈地幔的改造在克拉通破坏过程中起到了至关重要的作用.碳酸盐熔体作为一种非常重要的地幔交代介质,可以对岩石圈地幔的物理化学性质产生显著影响,并在地幔橄榄岩的单斜辉石中留下独特的地球化学指纹(例如,高Ca/Al、低Ti/Eu比值等),为示踪地幔碳酸盐熔体交代作用提供了依据.文章系统总结了华北克拉通破坏最为显著的东部地区岩石圈地幔经历碳酸盐熔体交代作用的时空变化规律,揭示出三种不同类型的地幔碳酸盐熔体交代作用.第一类碳酸盐熔体交代作用形成的单斜辉石具有异常高的Ca/Al比值(15～70)和富集的Sr同位素组成(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr=0.706～0.713);第二类碳酸盐熔体交代作用形成的单斜辉石具有相对较高的Ca/Al比值(5～18)和Sr同位素组成(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr=0.703～0.706);第三类碳酸盐熔体交代作用形成的单斜辉石具有略微偏高的Ca/Al比值(5～9)和低Sr同位素组成(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr=0.702～0.704).时间上,华北克拉通东部苏鲁造山带及其邻区晚三叠世之前深部石榴石相和浅部尖晶石相岩石圈地幔均经历了第一类碳酸盐熔体交代作用的强烈改造,这可能与携带碳酸盐岩的华南陆块向华北克拉通深俯冲过程中碳酸盐熔体-橄榄岩反应作用有关.第一类碳酸盐熔体交代作用可以显著弱化岩石圈地幔的强度,可能为华北克拉通东部岩石圈地幔的最终破坏提供了关键前提条件.华北克拉通破坏峰期之后(晚白垩世-新生代)火山岩捕获的古老岩石圈地幔残余(全部为尖晶石相方辉橄榄岩)只记录了第二类碳酸盐熔体交代作用的改造,表明那些经历了第一类碳酸盐熔体交代作用强烈改造的古老岩石圈地幔在克拉通破坏过程中并未保留下来,已经被完全改造.相比之下,火山岩中的二辉橄榄岩地幔包体代表了克拉通破坏之后新生、饱满的岩石圈地幔,其中只有部分样品记录了第二类或者第三类碳酸盐熔体交代作用的改造,反映了克拉通破坏之后含有不同比例再循环地壳物质的软流圈来源碳酸盐熔体的改造作用.空间上,胶东及其邻区岩石圈地幔经历碳酸盐熔体交代作用的特征最明显,这与该地区岩石圈地幔减薄和克拉通破坏最显著以及巨量金成矿的特征具有空间一致性.所有这些特征表明碳酸盐熔体交代作用在华北克拉通岩石圈地幔改造、破坏和大规模金成矿过程中可能起到了至关重要的作用.
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