深部岩体大变形规律:金川二矿巷道变形与破坏现场综合观测研究
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摘要
针对深部高应力下硐室和巷道时效大变形问题,重点开展了金川二矿深部巷道大变形破坏调查、多手段原位综合观察、大变形灾害安全管理标准等方面研究工作。首先针对不同围岩支护类型下大变形巷道破坏问题,从破坏表现形式的角度总结提炼了金川二矿巷道10种典型变形破坏模式并阐明其形成机制;进而依托1 150 m水平大巷的大变形试验研究段,采用巷道表面的三维激光扫描测量、岩体内部开裂的钻孔摄像观测、围岩不同深度变形的位移计自动量测相结合的方式,揭示了深部巷道表面变形的空间非对称性、围岩内部浅层与深层变形的非均匀性、时效变形增长的跳跃递进性等不同于浅部岩体变形特点和破坏方式的新特征,表明了金川二矿碎裂围岩时效大变形本质是高应力下巷道开挖诱发表层围岩开裂,并在重分布应力驱动下围岩开裂深度逐步向深部转移进而导致巷道围岩自身承载性能逐步劣化的机制,从而表现出持续的时效大变形;最后提出基于功能失效和结构失稳原则的深部巷道大变形安全管理标准,并在现场反馈分析与应用实践基础上总结出了控制二矿深部巷道变形灾害的"双层喷锚网+锚注"和"喷锚网注+单筋砼"复合支护技术,充分利用喷网混凝土的表面柔性支撑与围压效应、锚杆对围岩内部的抑制开裂效应、水泥浆的充填并粘合开裂缝效应、钢筋混凝土的强刚性抗压和恢复围压效应等组合功能,从而形成一种"由表及里、表里结合"改善围岩受力状态、重构围岩承载圈的支护理念。
In view of the large deformation behaviors in the deep tunnel of Jinchuan No.2 Mine,this paper focuses on the tunnel failure modes induced by the large deformation,the multi-means on-situ testing and the safety management standard for tunnel's large deformation. Firstly,ten kinds of typical deformation and failure modes of the tunnel's large deformation were summarized and the mechanism was clarified considering different support types of tunnels.Secondly,a complicated on-situ test,i. e. 3 D dimensional laser scanning,borehole imaging observation and automatic multipoint extensometer,had been carried out to investigate the spatial asymmetry of deformation of deep tunnel,the non-uniformity deformation of the shallow and deep surrounding rock,and the jumping progressiveness of the rock's time-dependent deformation. The observation data indicated that the large deformation mechanism of the fragmented surrounding rock in Jinchuan No.2 Mine is that the excavation induces the cracking of the shallow surrounding rock under high stress,and the cracking extension of the surrounding rock gradually develops to the deep,which deteriorates the bearing capacity of the surrounding rock and performances as continuous time-dependent large deformation,which is different from the traditional deformation and failure performance in shallow tunneling engineering. Finally,the safety management standard of large deformation of deep tunnel,which is based on the principle of functional failure and structural instability,was proposed. Based on the feedback analysis of the field application,the support methods of"double-layer spray anchor net+anchor injection" and "spray anchor net+single reinforced concrete" were proposed for controlling the large deformation of deep tunnels in Jinchuan No. 2 Mine,based on the supporting principal of improving the stress environment and reconstructing the bearing ring for the surrounding,by utilizing composite effect between the flexible and pressure effect of shorcrete,reinforcement function of rock bolt and bonding role of cement paste.
In view of the large deformation behaviors in the deep tunnel of Jinchuan No.2 Mine,this paper focuses on the tunnel failure modes induced by the large deformation,the multi-means on-situ testing and the safety management standard for tunnel's large deformation. Firstly,ten kinds of typical deformation and failure modes of the tunnel's large deformation were summarized and the mechanism was clarified considering different support types of tunnels.Secondly,a complicated on-situ test,i. e. 3 D dimensional laser scanning,borehole imaging observation and automatic multipoint extensometer,had been carried out to investigate the spatial asymmetry of deformation of deep tunnel,the non-uniformity deformation of the shallow and deep surrounding rock,and the jumping progressiveness of the rock's time-dependent deformation. The observation data indicated that the large deformation mechanism of the fragmented surrounding rock in Jinchuan No.2 Mine is that the excavation induces the cracking of the shallow surrounding rock under high stress,and the cracking extension of the surrounding rock gradually develops to the deep,which deteriorates the bearing capacity of the surrounding rock and performances as continuous time-dependent large deformation,which is different from the traditional deformation and failure performance in shallow tunneling engineering. Finally,the safety management standard of large deformation of deep tunnel,which is based on the principle of functional failure and structural instability,was proposed. Based on the feedback analysis of the field application,the support methods of"double-layer spray anchor net+anchor injection" and "spray anchor net+single reinforced concrete" were proposed for controlling the large deformation of deep tunnels in Jinchuan No. 2 Mine,based on the supporting principal of improving the stress environment and reconstructing the bearing ring for the surrounding,by utilizing composite effect between the flexible and pressure effect of shorcrete,reinforcement function of rock bolt and bonding role of cement paste.
引文
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[14]蔡美峰,孔留安,李长洪,等.玲珑金矿主运巷塌陷治理区稳定性动态综合监测与评价[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(5):886-894.CAI Meifeng,KONG Liuan,LI Changhong,et al.Dynamic comprehensive monitoring and assessment of stability of collapsed area after supporting in main transport roadway in Linglong gold mine[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(5):886-894.
[15]潘一山,杨小彬,马少鹏,等.岩土材料变形局部化的实验研究[J].煤炭学报,2002,27(3):281-284.PAN Yishan,YANG Xiaobing,MA Shaopeng,et al.Experimental study on the deformation localization of rock-soil material[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2002,27(3):281-284.
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[18]何满潮.深部软岩工程的研究进展与挑战[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(8):1400-1417.HE Manchao.Progress and challengers of soft rock engineering in depth[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(8):1400-1417.
[19]于斌,高瑞,孟祥斌,等.大空间远近场结构失稳矿压作用与控制技术[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(5):1134-1144.YU Bing,GAO Rui,MENG Xiangbin,et al.Near-far strata structure instability and associate strata behaviors in large space and corresponding control technology[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(5):1134-1144.
[20]黄万朋,高延法,王军.扰动作用下深部岩巷长期大变形机制及控制技术[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(5):822-828.HUANG Wanpeng,GAO Yanfa,WANG Jun.Deep rock tunnel’s long large deformation mechanism and control technology under disturbance effects[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(5):822-828.
[21]王卫军,袁超,余伟健,等.深部大变形巷道围岩稳定性控制方法研究[J].煤炭学报,2016,41(12):2921-2931.WANG Weijun,YUAN Chao,YU Weijian,et al.Stability control method of surrounding rock in deep roadway with large deformation[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2016,41(12):2921-2931.
[22]陈上元,宋常胜,郭志飚,等.深部动压巷道非对称变形力学机制及控制对策[J].煤炭学报,2016,41(1):246-254.CHEN Shangyuan,SONG Changsheng,GUO Zhibiao,et al.Asymmetric deformation mechanical mechanism and controlcountermeasure for deep roadway affected by mining[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2016,41(1):246-254.
[23]翁磊,李夕兵,刘科伟,等.玲珑金矿松散围岩主巷变形破坏机制及支护对策[J].中国安全科学学报,2014,24(7):129-134.WEN Lei,LI Xibing,LIU Kewei,et al.Study on deformation and damage mechanism of transport roadway inloose rock mass and supporting techniques[J].China Safety Science Journal,2014,24(7):129-134.
[24]康红普,王国法,姜鹏飞,等.煤矿千米深井围岩控制及智能开采技术构想[J].煤炭学报,2018,43(7):1789-1800.KANG Hongpu,WANG Guofa,JIANG Pengfei,et al.Conception for strata control and intelligent mining technology in deep coal mines withdepth more than 1 000 m[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2018,43(7):1789-1800.
[25]杨志强,高谦,王玉山,等.特大型镍矿工程地质与岩石力学[M].北京:科学出版社,2013.
[2]谢和平.“深部岩体力学与开采理论”研究构想与预期成果展望[J].工程科学与技术,2017,49(2):1-16.XIE Heping.Research framework and anticipated results of deep rock mechanics and mining theory[J].Advanced Engineering Sciences,2017,49(2):1-16.
[3]钱七虎.地下工程建设安全面临的挑战与对策[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(10):1945-1956.QIAN Qihu.Challenges faced by underground projects construction safety and countermeasures[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(10):1945-1956.
[4]何满潮,谢和平,彭苏萍,等.深部开采岩体力学研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(16):2803-2813.HE Manchao,Xie Heping,PENG Suping,et al.Study on rock mechanics in deep mining engineering[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(16):2803-2813.
[5]谢和平,高峰,鞠杨.深部岩体力学研究与探索[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(11):2161-2178.XIE Heping,GAO Feng,JU Yang.Research and development of rock mechanics in deep ground engineering[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(11):2161-2178.
[6]冯夏庭,吴世勇,李邵军,等.中国锦屏地下实验室二期工程安全原位综合监测与分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(4):649-657.FENG Xiating,WU Shiyong,LI Shaojun,et al.Comprehensive field monitoring of deep tunnels at Jinping underground laboratory(CJPL-II)in China[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(4):649-657.
[7]冯夏庭,肖亚勋,丰光亮.川藏铁路巴玉隧道岩爆监测、预警与风险控制研究[R].武汉:中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,2018.FENG Xiating,XIAO Yaxun,FENG Guangliang.Research on monitoring,early warning and risk control of rock burst in Ba-Yu tunnel of Sichuan-Tibet railway[R].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2018.
[8]江权,冯夏庭,陈建林,等.锦屏二级水电站厂址区域三维地应力场非线性反演[J].岩土力学,2008,29(11):3003-3010.JIANG Quan,FENG Xiating,CHEN Jianlin,et al.Nonlinear inversion of 3D initial geostress field in JinpingⅡhydropower station region[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2008,29(11):3003-3010.
[9]蔡美峰,乔兰,于波,等.金川二矿区深部地应力测量及其分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1999,18(4):414-418.CAI Meifeng,QIAO Lan,YU Bo,et al.Results and analysis of in-situ stress measurement at deep position of No.2 mining area of Jinchuannickel mine[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,1999,18(4):414-418.
[10]周宏伟,谢和平,左建平.深部高地应力下岩石力学行为研究进展[J].力学进展,2005,35(1):91-99.ZHOU Hongwei,XIE Heping,ZUO Jianping.Developments in researches on mechanical behaviorsof rocks under the conditions of high ground pressure in the depths[J].Advances in Mechanics,2005,35(1):91-99.
[11]刘泉声,雷广峰,彭星新.深部裂隙岩体锚固机制研究进展与思考[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(2):312-332.LIU Quansheng,LEI Guangfeng,PENG Xingxin.Advance and review on the anchoring mechanism in deep fractured rock mass[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(2):312-332.
[12]GAO Yaohui,FENG Xiating,ZHANG Xiwei.Characteristic stress levels and brittle fracturing of hard rocks subjected to true triaxial compression with low minimum principal stress[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2018.
[13]江权,宋磊博.3D打印技术在岩体物理模型力学试验研究中的应用研究与展望[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(1):23-37.JIANG Quan,SONG Leibo.Application and prospect of 3D printing technology to physical modeling in rock mechanics[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(1):23-37.
[14]蔡美峰,孔留安,李长洪,等.玲珑金矿主运巷塌陷治理区稳定性动态综合监测与评价[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(5):886-894.CAI Meifeng,KONG Liuan,LI Changhong,et al.Dynamic comprehensive monitoring and assessment of stability of collapsed area after supporting in main transport roadway in Linglong gold mine[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(5):886-894.
[15]潘一山,杨小彬,马少鹏,等.岩土材料变形局部化的实验研究[J].煤炭学报,2002,27(3):281-284.PAN Yishan,YANG Xiaobing,MA Shaopeng,et al.Experimental study on the deformation localization of rock-soil material[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2002,27(3):281-284.
[16]陈子全,何川,吴迪,等.高地应力层状软岩隧道围岩变形特性及其大变形预测分级研究[J].西南交通大学学报,2018,53(6):1237-1244.CHEN Ziquan,HE Chuan,WU Di,et al.Study on deformation characteristics and large deformation classification criterion of high geo-stress and layered soft rock tunnel[J].Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University,2018,53(6):1237-1244.
[17]王家臣,杨胜利.固体充填开采支架与围岩关系研究[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(11):1821-1826.WANG Jiacheng,YANG Shengli.Research on support-rock system in solid backfill mining methods[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2010,35(11):1821-1826.
[18]何满潮.深部软岩工程的研究进展与挑战[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(8):1400-1417.HE Manchao.Progress and challengers of soft rock engineering in depth[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(8):1400-1417.
[19]于斌,高瑞,孟祥斌,等.大空间远近场结构失稳矿压作用与控制技术[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2018,37(5):1134-1144.YU Bing,GAO Rui,MENG Xiangbin,et al.Near-far strata structure instability and associate strata behaviors in large space and corresponding control technology[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2018,37(5):1134-1144.
[20]黄万朋,高延法,王军.扰动作用下深部岩巷长期大变形机制及控制技术[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(5):822-828.HUANG Wanpeng,GAO Yanfa,WANG Jun.Deep rock tunnel’s long large deformation mechanism and control technology under disturbance effects[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(5):822-828.
[21]王卫军,袁超,余伟健,等.深部大变形巷道围岩稳定性控制方法研究[J].煤炭学报,2016,41(12):2921-2931.WANG Weijun,YUAN Chao,YU Weijian,et al.Stability control method of surrounding rock in deep roadway with large deformation[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2016,41(12):2921-2931.
[22]陈上元,宋常胜,郭志飚,等.深部动压巷道非对称变形力学机制及控制对策[J].煤炭学报,2016,41(1):246-254.CHEN Shangyuan,SONG Changsheng,GUO Zhibiao,et al.Asymmetric deformation mechanical mechanism and controlcountermeasure for deep roadway affected by mining[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2016,41(1):246-254.
[23]翁磊,李夕兵,刘科伟,等.玲珑金矿松散围岩主巷变形破坏机制及支护对策[J].中国安全科学学报,2014,24(7):129-134.WEN Lei,LI Xibing,LIU Kewei,et al.Study on deformation and damage mechanism of transport roadway inloose rock mass and supporting techniques[J].China Safety Science Journal,2014,24(7):129-134.
[24]康红普,王国法,姜鹏飞,等.煤矿千米深井围岩控制及智能开采技术构想[J].煤炭学报,2018,43(7):1789-1800.KANG Hongpu,WANG Guofa,JIANG Pengfei,et al.Conception for strata control and intelligent mining technology in deep coal mines withdepth more than 1 000 m[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2018,43(7):1789-1800.
[25]杨志强,高谦,王玉山,等.特大型镍矿工程地质与岩石力学[M].北京:科学出版社,2013.