美国家庭危险废弃物管理及其启示
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摘要
家庭危险废弃物回收处置是危险废弃物管理的重要内容,是目前我国危险废弃物管理的薄弱环节。文章从法律体系和管理机制两方面介绍美国对家庭危险废弃物的管理经验,以期为我国同类危险废弃物管理提供借鉴。美国家庭危险废弃物管理的基本特点有:以社会共治为理论引领、以可操作性强的法律为根本保障、以地方政府为核心的管理体制、健全的回收利用系统、强调公共教育的重要性。美国家庭危险废弃物管理对我国的启示在于,应当完善相关立法与执法监管机制,构建"政府—社会"共治式管理体系,建立"便民性"回收系统以及重视对公众的宣传教育。
Household hazardous waste recycling is an important part of hazardous waste management; it is also the weak link in the management of hazardous waste in China. This paper introduces the US management experience of household hazardous waste from the aspects of legal system and management mechanism, and provides reference for the management of similar hazardous wastes in China. The basic characteristics of American household hazardous waste management are: leading by the concept of minimizing management; based on the law of operability; local government-centered management system;sound recycling system; emphasizing the importance of public education. The US household hazardous waste management is enlightened in China. The management of household hazardous waste should perfect legislation supply and compulsory enforcement mechanism, construct a "government-society" co-governance management pattern, build a convenient recycling system, and pay attention to publicity and education.
Household hazardous waste recycling is an important part of hazardous waste management; it is also the weak link in the management of hazardous waste in China. This paper introduces the US management experience of household hazardous waste from the aspects of legal system and management mechanism, and provides reference for the management of similar hazardous wastes in China. The basic characteristics of American household hazardous waste management are: leading by the concept of minimizing management; based on the law of operability; local government-centered management system;sound recycling system; emphasizing the importance of public education. The US household hazardous waste management is enlightened in China. The management of household hazardous waste should perfect legislation supply and compulsory enforcement mechanism, construct a "government-society" co-governance management pattern, build a convenient recycling system, and pay attention to publicity and education.
引文
[1]United States Environmental Protection Agency. Household hazardous waste(HHW)[EB/OL].(2017-09-15). https://www.epa.gov/hw/household-hazardous-waste-hhw.
[2]生态环境部. 2016版《国家危险废物名录》[EB/OL].(2016-06-21). http://huanbao.bjx.com.cn/news/20160621/744179.shtml.
[3]蒋云飞,罗实,李金惠.社会源危险废弃物治理中的政府责任:依据、问题与合理界定[J].生态经济,2017(11):196-200.
[4]蒋克彬,张洪庄,谢其标.危险废物的管理与处理处置技术[M].北京:中国石化出版社,2016:18.
[5]黄启飞,王琪,董路,等.美国危险废物的管理与处理处置[J].环境保护科学,2005(5):41-42.
[6]Inglezakis V J, Moustakas K. Household hazardous waste management:A review[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2015, 150:310-321.
[7]陈慈阳.环境法总论[M].台北:元照出版公司,2011:336.
[8]Wagner T P, Toews P, Bouvier R. Increasing diversion of household hazardous wastes and materials through mandatory retail take-back[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2013, 123:88-97.
[9]张霞,黄启飞,花明,等.家庭危险废物管理探讨[J].环境科学与技术,2008(4):138-142.
[10]Letcher T M, Vallero D A. Waste:A handbook for management[M]. Pittsburgh:Academic Press, 2011:190.
[11]周俐萍.中美危险固体废弃物管理比较研究及对我国的启示[J].生态经济,2009(10):170-173.
[12]Lim-Wavde K, Kauffman R J, Dawson G S. Household informedness and policy analytics for the collection and recycling of household hazardous waste in California[J]. Resources,Conservation and Recycling, 2017, 120:88-107.
[13]王琪.国内外危险废物豁免管理实践[M].北京:中国环境出版社,2013:19.
[14]顾列铭.警惕:老旧节能灯汞污染风险巨大[J].生态经济,2013(1):14-17.
[15]王名,蔡志鸿,王春婷.社会共治:多元主体共同治理的实践探索与制度创新[J].中国行政管理,2014(12):16-19.
[16][美]凯斯·R.孙斯坦.风险与理性——安全、法律与环境[M].师帅,译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2005:323.
[17][美]史蒂芬–布雷耶.打破恶行循环——政府如何有效规制风险[M].宋华琳,译.北京:法律出版社,2009:45-52.
[18]陈磊.废旧电池等成“毒源”家庭危险废弃物该往哪儿丢[N].法制日报,2017-06-22(3).
[2]生态环境部. 2016版《国家危险废物名录》[EB/OL].(2016-06-21). http://huanbao.bjx.com.cn/news/20160621/744179.shtml.
[3]蒋云飞,罗实,李金惠.社会源危险废弃物治理中的政府责任:依据、问题与合理界定[J].生态经济,2017(11):196-200.
[4]蒋克彬,张洪庄,谢其标.危险废物的管理与处理处置技术[M].北京:中国石化出版社,2016:18.
[5]黄启飞,王琪,董路,等.美国危险废物的管理与处理处置[J].环境保护科学,2005(5):41-42.
[6]Inglezakis V J, Moustakas K. Household hazardous waste management:A review[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2015, 150:310-321.
[7]陈慈阳.环境法总论[M].台北:元照出版公司,2011:336.
[8]Wagner T P, Toews P, Bouvier R. Increasing diversion of household hazardous wastes and materials through mandatory retail take-back[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2013, 123:88-97.
[9]张霞,黄启飞,花明,等.家庭危险废物管理探讨[J].环境科学与技术,2008(4):138-142.
[10]Letcher T M, Vallero D A. Waste:A handbook for management[M]. Pittsburgh:Academic Press, 2011:190.
[11]周俐萍.中美危险固体废弃物管理比较研究及对我国的启示[J].生态经济,2009(10):170-173.
[12]Lim-Wavde K, Kauffman R J, Dawson G S. Household informedness and policy analytics for the collection and recycling of household hazardous waste in California[J]. Resources,Conservation and Recycling, 2017, 120:88-107.
[13]王琪.国内外危险废物豁免管理实践[M].北京:中国环境出版社,2013:19.
[14]顾列铭.警惕:老旧节能灯汞污染风险巨大[J].生态经济,2013(1):14-17.
[15]王名,蔡志鸿,王春婷.社会共治:多元主体共同治理的实践探索与制度创新[J].中国行政管理,2014(12):16-19.
[16][美]凯斯·R.孙斯坦.风险与理性——安全、法律与环境[M].师帅,译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2005:323.
[17][美]史蒂芬–布雷耶.打破恶行循环——政府如何有效规制风险[M].宋华琳,译.北京:法律出版社,2009:45-52.
[18]陈磊.废旧电池等成“毒源”家庭危险废弃物该往哪儿丢[N].法制日报,2017-06-22(3).