中国—东盟旅游流网络结构特征与重心轨迹演变
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摘要
中国与东盟国家互为重要客源市场和旅游目的地,研究中国—东盟国家间旅游流的分布和流动规律,对于维系多边友好关系具有重要的现实意义。文章以中国—东盟11个国家的出境游客为研究对象,运用社会网络分析法构建旅游流网络,分析网络结构变化。使用重心模型计算1995—2015年旅游流网络重心坐标,探究重心移动轨迹。结果显示:1995—2015年,中国—东盟旅游流网络的紧密程度和能级水平逐渐提升,网络的核心区域呈现出由南向北转移的动态变化趋势;网络中节点层次分化严重,核心—边缘结构明显;区域旅游流吸引能力和输出能力呈现强弱不均状态,东部旅游输出能力较强,西部旅游吸引能力更强,但国家间旅游输出能力差异小于吸引能力差异。
China and ASEAN countries are important source markets and tourist destinations for each other. Studying the distribution and moving patterns of tourists among China-ASEAN countries is of great practical significance for maintaining multilateral friendly relations. Based on the outbound tourism data of 11 countries in China-ASEAN from1995 to 2015, this paper constructs tourist flow network, analyzes changes of network structure by applying social network analysis(SNA), and calculates the coordinate of network gravity center in each year by using gravity center model to explore its evolution trajectory. The results show that: 1) From 1995 to 2015, the tightness and level of ChinaASEAN tourist flow network gradually increased, and the core region of the network showed a dynamic moving trend from south to north. 2) The level of nodes was highly differentiated and the core-periphery structure was obvious in the network. 3) There existed an unbalance between tourist attracting capacity and exporting capacity in the network, which was performed as the eastern region had stronger exporting capacity while the western region had stronger attracting capacity, but the differences in tourist exporting capacity among countries were less than that in attracting capacity.
China and ASEAN countries are important source markets and tourist destinations for each other. Studying the distribution and moving patterns of tourists among China-ASEAN countries is of great practical significance for maintaining multilateral friendly relations. Based on the outbound tourism data of 11 countries in China-ASEAN from1995 to 2015, this paper constructs tourist flow network, analyzes changes of network structure by applying social network analysis(SNA), and calculates the coordinate of network gravity center in each year by using gravity center model to explore its evolution trajectory. The results show that: 1) From 1995 to 2015, the tightness and level of ChinaASEAN tourist flow network gradually increased, and the core region of the network showed a dynamic moving trend from south to north. 2) The level of nodes was highly differentiated and the core-periphery structure was obvious in the network. 3) There existed an unbalance between tourist attracting capacity and exporting capacity in the network, which was performed as the eastern region had stronger exporting capacity while the western region had stronger attracting capacity, but the differences in tourist exporting capacity among countries were less than that in attracting capacity.
引文
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[31]李创新,马耀峰,张佑印,等.中国旅游热点城市入境客流与收入时空动态演化与错位——重力模型的实证[J].经济地理,2010,30(8):1 372-1 377.
[32]陈超,马海涛,陈楠,等.中国农民旅游流网络重心轨迹的演化[J].地理研究,2014,33(7):1 306-1 314.
[33]吴晋峰.入境外国旅游流网络分布、性质和结构特征研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(7):177-182.
[34]王伟.中国三大城市群经济空间重心轨迹特征比较[J].城市规划学刊,2009(3):20-28.
[2]李伟,胡静,陆汝瑞,等.基于旅游目的的特殊时段旅游流时空分布特征研究——以武汉市为例[J].经济地理,2013,33(1):180-186.
[3]张佑印.北京入境集聚扩散旅游流时空演变规律及动力机制研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2010:27-100.
[4]刘军胜,马耀峰,李振亭.1997~2010年中部六省入境旅游流集散时空动态分析[J].地理科学,2013,33(4):450-456.
[5]Yeonghyeon H,Gretzel U,Fesenmaier D R.Multicity trip patterns:tourists to the United States[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2006,33(4):1 057-1 078.
[6]郑鹏,马耀峰,王洁洁,等.基于“推—拉”理论的美国旅游者旅华流动影响因素研究[J].人文地理,2010(5):112-117.
[7]Choongki L,Song H J,Mjelde J W.The forecasting of International Expo tourism using quantitative and qualitative techniques[J].Tourism Management,2008,29(6):1 084-1 098.
[8]Huang X,Zhang L,Ding Y.The Baidu Index:Uses in predicting tourism flows-A case study of the Forbidden City[J].Tourism Management,2017,58:301-306.
[9]马耀峰,李天顺,刘新平.中国入境旅游研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1999:12-24.
[10]刘法建,张捷,章锦河,等.旅游地研究中的“联系”和网络——基于社会网络理论的旅游地研究述评[J].旅游科学,2016,30(2):1-14.
[11]Hsinyu S.Network characteristics of drive tourism destinations:an application of network analysis in tourism[J].Tourism Management,2006,27(5):1029-1039.
[12]Scott N,Cooper C,Baggio R.Destination Networks:Four Australian Cases[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2008,35(1):169-188.
[13]Chua A,Servillo L,Marcheggiani E,et al.Mapping Cilento:Using geotagged social media data to characterize tourist flows in southern Italy[J].Tourism Management,2016,57:295-310.
[14]陈秀琼,黄福才.基于社会网络理论的旅游系统空间结构优化研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2006,22(5):75-80.
[15]杨兴柱,顾朝林,王群.南京市旅游流网络结构构建[J].地理学报,2007,62(6):609-620.
[16]张妍妍,李君轶,杨敏.基于旅游数字足迹的西安旅游流网络结构研究[J].人文地理,2014(4):111-118.
[17]付琼鸽,刘大均,胡静,等.湖北省旅游流网络结构的特征与优化[J].经济地理,2015,35(3):191-196.
[18]陈浩,陆林,郑嬗婷.基于旅游流的城市群旅游地旅游空间网络结构分析——以珠江三角洲城市群为例[J].地理学报,2011,66(2):257-266.
[19]杨新菊,吴晋峰,王金莹,等.旅华外国团队旅游流地理分布和网络结构特征研究[J].资源科学,2013,35(4):839-847.
[20]吴中堂,刘建徽,袁俊.大陆居民赴台湾自由行旅游流网络分析及演化研究[J].旅游学刊,2016,31(10):113-121.
[21]王娟,胡静,贾垚焱,等.城市旅游流的网络结构特征及流动方式——以武汉自助游为例[J].经济地理,2016,36(6):176-184.
[22]唐澜,吴晋峰,王金莹,等.中国入境商务旅游流空间分布特征及流动规律研究[J].经济地理,2012,32(9):149-155.
[23]刘法建,张捷,章锦河,等.中国入境旅游流网络省级旅游地角色研究[J].地理研究,2010,29(6):1 141-1 152.
[24]翁钢民,李凌雁.区域旅游流网络结构与环境响应研究——以京津冀地区为例[J].地理与地理信息科学,2015,31(1):59-63.
[25]周慧玲,许春晓.基于游记行程的湖南旅游流空间网络结构特征[J].经济地理,2016,36(10):201-206.
[26]Pavlovich K.The evolution and transformation of a tourism destination network:the Waitomo Caves,New Zealand[J].Tourism Management,2003,24(2):203-216.
[27]Larsen J,Urry J,Axhausen K W.Networks and tourism:Mobile Social Life[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2007,34(1):244-262.
[28]Liu B,Huang S,Fu H.An application of network analysis on tourist attractions:The case of Xinjiang,China[J].Tourism Management,2017,58:132-141.
[29]刘法建,张捷,陈冬冬.中国入境旅游流网络结构特征及动因研究[J].地理学报,2010,65(8):1 013-1 024.
[30]孙根年,杨忍,姚宏.基于重心模型的中国入境旅游地域结构演变研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(7):150-157.
[31]李创新,马耀峰,张佑印,等.中国旅游热点城市入境客流与收入时空动态演化与错位——重力模型的实证[J].经济地理,2010,30(8):1 372-1 377.
[32]陈超,马海涛,陈楠,等.中国农民旅游流网络重心轨迹的演化[J].地理研究,2014,33(7):1 306-1 314.
[33]吴晋峰.入境外国旅游流网络分布、性质和结构特征研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(7):177-182.
[34]王伟.中国三大城市群经济空间重心轨迹特征比较[J].城市规划学刊,2009(3):20-28.