蓄水对水库下游食物网中汞生物累积影响研究进展
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摘要
1991年,加拿大学者Verdon首次报道了加拿大拉格朗德二级水库下游鱼体中汞含量显著高于水库库区的现象,发现水库下游是新建水库汞输出的重要场所,因此水库下游鱼类汞升高的风险继水库本身后成为新的关注热点.通过对相关野外研究的回顾,表明蓄水对水库下游食物网的鱼类、浮游生物以及水体中汞的富集产生影响,水生食物网中各组分甲基汞含量和比例随着营养级的升高而增加.蓄水加速了水库的甲基化过程,使水库自身成为巨大的汞源,不仅影响水库自身食物网中汞的分布,而且更加剧烈地影响水库下游食物网中汞的分布.水库既向下游直接输送溶解态和悬浮颗粒态的甲基汞,又向下游输送丰富的、可被杂食性鱼类和动物直接利用和吸食的甲基汞食物源.在下游食物网中,甲基汞有可能通过微型浮游生物网(悬浮颗粒物—浮游植物—浮游动物经典食物链),或者通过杂食性鱼类主动摄食来自水库直接输送的浮游动物,或者通过杂食性鱼类被动吸食来自水库直接输送的悬浮颗粒物富集途径,向位于更高营养级位置的鱼类进行传递.在我国,水库蓄水对下游汞输送机制以及对下游微型、底层食物网中生物累积和迁移转化的影响需要更加深入的定量研究.
In 1991,the Canadian researcher Verdon firstly reported higher mercury concentrations in fish in the downstream than those in Canada's La Grande 2 Reservoir,and found downstream is an important place exported mercury from newly constructed reservoir. The risk of increased mercury levels in fish in the downstream became a new focused hotspot after reservoir itself. On the basis of the review of related field studies,it is suggested that impoundment impacts mercury accumulation in fish,plankton and water in food web of downstream from reservoir. Methylmercury and its proportion increase with trophic level in the components of aquatic food web.Impoundment accelerates methylation process in reservoir,makes reservoir a huge source of mercury,and impacts mercury distribution in food web of downstream more than reservoir itself. On the one hand,dissolved and suspended particulate methylmercury are directly exported from reservoir to downstream. Large amounts of methylmercury food sources directly taken up or passively fed by fish are exported from reservoir to downstream. Methylmercury in food web of downstream may be transferred to fish at higher trophic positions,through pelagic food web(traditional food chain from suspended particulate matter,phytoplankton to zooplankton) or omnivorous fish actively fed with zooplankton or passively fed with suspended particulate matter directly exported by reservoir. In China,there is a need for more quantitative research on the impact of reservoir impoundment on downstream mercury exportation mechanisms,bioaccumulation and migration in pelagic and benthic food web.
In 1991,the Canadian researcher Verdon firstly reported higher mercury concentrations in fish in the downstream than those in Canada's La Grande 2 Reservoir,and found downstream is an important place exported mercury from newly constructed reservoir. The risk of increased mercury levels in fish in the downstream became a new focused hotspot after reservoir itself. On the basis of the review of related field studies,it is suggested that impoundment impacts mercury accumulation in fish,plankton and water in food web of downstream from reservoir. Methylmercury and its proportion increase with trophic level in the components of aquatic food web.Impoundment accelerates methylation process in reservoir,makes reservoir a huge source of mercury,and impacts mercury distribution in food web of downstream more than reservoir itself. On the one hand,dissolved and suspended particulate methylmercury are directly exported from reservoir to downstream. Large amounts of methylmercury food sources directly taken up or passively fed by fish are exported from reservoir to downstream. Methylmercury in food web of downstream may be transferred to fish at higher trophic positions,through pelagic food web(traditional food chain from suspended particulate matter,phytoplankton to zooplankton) or omnivorous fish actively fed with zooplankton or passively fed with suspended particulate matter directly exported by reservoir. In China,there is a need for more quantitative research on the impact of reservoir impoundment on downstream mercury exportation mechanisms,bioaccumulation and migration in pelagic and benthic food web.
引文
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[2]ETO K.Pathology of Minamata disease[J].Toxicologic Pathology,1997,25:614-623.
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[4]XUE Jianping,ZARTARIAN V,MINTZ B,et al.Modeling tribal exposures to methyl mercury from fish consumption[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,533:102-109.
[5]SMITH F A,SHARMA R P,LYNN R I,et al.Mercury and selected pesticide levels in fish and wildlife of Utah:II.levels of mercury,DDT,DDE,dieldrin and PCB in chukars,pheasants and waterfowl[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination&Toxicology,1974,12:153-157.
[6]POTTER L,KIDD D,STANDIFORD D.Mercury levels in Lake Powell bioamplification of mercury in man-made desert reservoir[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1975,9:41-46.
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[11]BODALY R A,ST.LOUIS V L,PATERSON M J,et al.Bioaccumulation of mercury in the aquatic food chain in newly flooded areas[J].Metal Ions in Biological Systems,1997,34:259-287.
[12]BODALY R A,JANSEN W A,MAJEWSKI A R,et al.Postimpoundment time course of increased mercury concentrations in fish in hydroelectric reservoirs of northern Manitoba,Canada[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination&Toxicology,2007,53:379-389.
[13]HECKY R E,RAMSEY D J,BODALY R A,et al.Increase methylmercury contamination in fish in newly formed freshwater reservoirs[C]//SUZUKI T,IMURA N,CLARKSON T W.Advance in mercury toxicology.New York:Plenum Press,1991:33-52.
[14]SCHETAGNE R,VERDON R.Post-impoundment evolution of fish mercury levels at the La Grande Complex,Quebec,Canada(from1978 to 1996)[C]//LUCOTTE M,SCHETAGNE R,THERIEN N.Mercury in the biogeochemical cycle.Berlin:Springer,1999:115-130.
[15]HYLANDER L D,GROHN J,TROPP M,et al.Fish mercury increase in Lago Manso,a new hydroelectric reservoir in tropical Brazil[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2006,81:155-166.
[16]TUOMOLA L,NIKLASSON T,DE CASTRO E S E,et al.Fish mercury development in relation to abiotic characteristics and carbon sources in a six-year-old,Brazilian Reservoir[J].Science of the Total Environment,2008,390:177-187.
[17]LODENIUS M,SEPPANEN A,HERRANEN M.Accumulation of mercury in fish and man from reservoirs in northern Finland[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,1983,19:237-246.
[18]PORVARI P.Development of fish mercury concentrations in Finnish reservoir from 1979 to 1994[J].Science of the Total Environment,1998,213:279-290.
[19]YINGCHAROEN D,BODALY R A.Elevated mercury levels in fish resulting from reservoir flooding in Thailand[J].Asian Fisheries Science,1993,6:73-80.
[20]LI Sixin,ZHOU Lianfeng,WANG Hongjun,et al.Short-term impact of reservoir impoundment on the patterns of mercury distribution in a subtropical aquatic ecosystem,Wujiang River,southwest China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2013,20:4396-4404.
[21]DOWNS S G,MACLEOD C L,LESTER J N.Mercury in precipitation and its relation to bioaccumulation in fish:a literature review[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,1998,108:149-187.
[22]ZHANG L,WONG M H.Environmental mercury contamination in China:sources and impacts[J].Environment International,2007,33:108-121.
[23]FENG Xinbin,QIU Guangle.Mercury pollution in Guizhou,southwestern China:an overview[J].Science of the Total Environment,2008,400:227-237.
[24]VERDON R,BROUARD D,DEMERS C,et al.Mercury evolution(1978-1988)in fishes of the La Grande hydroelectric complex,Quebec,Canada[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,1991,56:405-417.
[25]LAWRENCE M,BROOKS M B.A field guide to freshwater fishes:North America North of Mexico[M].New York:Houghton Mifflin Company,1991.
[26]SCHETAGNE R,DOYON J F,FOURNIER J J.Export of mercury downstream from reservoirs[J].Science of the Total Environment,2000,260:135-145.
[27]PALERMO E F A,KASPER D,REIS T S,et al.Mercury level increase in fish tissues downstream the TucuruíReservoir,Brazil[J].RMZ Material and Geoenvironment,2004,51:1292-1294.
[28]TUOMOLA L.Mercury levels in fish five years after construction of Lago Manso Reservoir,Brazil[R].Uppsala,Sweden:Uppsala University,2005:1-28.
[29]ANDERSON M R.Duration and extent of elevated mercury levels in downstream fish following reservoir creation[J].River Systems,2011,19:167-176.
[30]KASPER D,PALERMO E F A,BRANCO C W C,et al.Evidence of elevated mercury levels in carnivorous and omnivorous fishes downstream from an Amazon reservoir[J].Hydrobiologia,2012,694:87-98.
[31]KASPER D,FORSBERG B R,AMARAL J H F,et al.Reservoir stratification affects methylmercury levels in river water,plankton,and fish downstream from Balbina hydroelectric dam,Amazonas,Brazil[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48:1032-1040.
[32]GREEN D J,DUFFY M,JANZ D M.Historical and contemporary patterns of mercury in a hydroelectric reservoir and downstream fishery:concentration decline in water and fishes[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2016,71:157-170.
[33]CANAVAN C M,CALDWELL C A,BLOOM N S.Discharge of methylmercury enriched hypolimnetic water from a stratified reservoir[J].Science of the Total Environment,2000,260:159-170.
[34]ST LOUIS V L,RUDD J W M,KELLY C A,et al.The rise and fall of mercury methylation in an experimental reservoir[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2004,38:1348-1358.
[35]HALL B D,BODALY R A,FUDGE R J P,et al.Food as the dominant pathway of methylmercury uptake by fish[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,1997,100:13-24.
[36]TREMBLAY A,LUCOTTE M,RHEAULT I.Methylmercury in a benthic food web of two hydroelectric reservoirs and a natural lake of northern Québec(Canada)[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,1996,91(3/4):255-269.
[37]TREMBLAY A,LUCOTTE M,MEILI M,et al.Total mercury and methylmercury contents of insects from boreal lakes:ecological,spatial and temporal patterns[J].Water Quality Research Journal of Canada,1996,31:851-873.
[38]GUIMARAES J R D,MEILI M,MALM O,et al.Hg methylation in sediments and floating meadows of a tropical lake in the Pantanal floodplain,Brazil[J].Science of the Total Environment,1998,213:165-175.
[39]IKINGURA J R,AKAGI H.Total mercury and methylmercury levels in fish from hydroelectric reservoirs in Tanzania[J].Science of the Total Environment,2003,304:355-368.
[40]AGORKU E S,VOEGBORLO R B,ADIMADO A A.Total mercury levels in nine species of freshwater fish from two hydroelectric reservoirs and a crater lake in Ghana[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2009,153:383-389.
[41]冯新斌.乌江流域水库汞的生物地球化学过程及环境效应[M].北京:科学出版社,2015.
[42]冯新斌,陈玖斌,付学吾,等.汞的环境地球化学研究进展[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2013,32(5):503-530.
[43]JIANG Hongmei,FENG Xinbin,DAI Qianjin.Damming effect on the distribution of mercury in Wujiang River[J].Chinese Journal of Geochemistry,2005,24(2):179-183.
[44]YAN Haiyu,FENG Xinbin,SHANG Lihai,et al.The variations of mercury in sediment profiles from a historically mercurycontaminated reservoir,Guizhou Province,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2008,407(1):497-506.
[45]ZHANG Junfang,FENG Xinbin,YAN Haiyu,et al.Seasonal distributions of mercury species and their relationship to some physicochemical factors in Puding Reservoir,Guizhou,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2009,408:122-129.
[46]FENG Xinbin,JIANG Hongmei,QIU Guangle,et al.Geochemical processes of mercury in Wujiangdu and Dongfeng reservoirs,Guizhou,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2009,157:2970-2984.
[47]MENG Bo,FENG Xinbin,QIU Guangle,et al.The impacts of organic matter on the distribution and methylation of mercury in a hydroelectric reservoir in Wujiang River,southwest China[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2016,35(1):191-199.
[48]YAO Heng,FENG Xinbin,GUO Yanna,et al.Mercury and methylmercury concentrations in two newly constructed reservoirs in the Wujiang River,Guizhou,China[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2011,30:530-537.
[49]LIU Bian,YAN Haiyu,WANG Cuiping,et al.Insights into low fish mercury bioaccumulation in a mercury-contaminated reservoir,Guizhou,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2012,160:109-117.
[50]LI Sixin,ZHOU Lianfeng,WANG Hongjun,et al.Feeding habits and habitats preferences affecting mercury bioaccumulation in 37subtropical fish species from Wujiang River,China[J].Ecotoxicology,2009,18:204-210.
[51]LI Sixin,ZHOU Lianfeng,CHANG Jianbo,et al.The impact of impoundment on mercury bioaccumulation in fish downstream from a newly constructed reservoir,Wujiang River,southwest China[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2017,74:1-8.
[52]LARSSEN T.Mercury in Chinese reservoirs[J].Environmental Pollution,2010,158:24-25.
[2]ETO K.Pathology of Minamata disease[J].Toxicologic Pathology,1997,25:614-623.
[3]SCHEUHAMMER A,BRAUNE B,CHAN H M,et al.Recent progress on our understanding of the biological effects of mercury in fish and wildlife in the Canadian Arctic[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,509/510:91-103.
[4]XUE Jianping,ZARTARIAN V,MINTZ B,et al.Modeling tribal exposures to methyl mercury from fish consumption[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,533:102-109.
[5]SMITH F A,SHARMA R P,LYNN R I,et al.Mercury and selected pesticide levels in fish and wildlife of Utah:II.levels of mercury,DDT,DDE,dieldrin and PCB in chukars,pheasants and waterfowl[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination&Toxicology,1974,12:153-157.
[6]POTTER L,KIDD D,STANDIFORD D.Mercury levels in Lake Powell bioamplification of mercury in man-made desert reservoir[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1975,9:41-46.
[7]ABERNATHY A R,CUMBIE P M.Mercury accumulation by largemouth bass(Micropterus salmoides)in recently impounded reservoirs[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination&Toxicology,1977,17:595-602.
[8]COX J A,CARNAHAN J,DINUNZIO J,et al.Source of mercury in fish in new impoundments[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination&Toxicology,1979,23:779-783.
[9]MASON R P,SVEINSDOTTIR A Y.Mercury and methylmercury concentrations in water and largemouth bass in Maryland reservoirs[R].Maryland,the United States:Maryland Department of Natural Resources,2003:1-88.
[10]BODALY R A,HECKY R E,FUDGE R J P.Increases in fish mercury levels in lakes flooded by the Churchill River Diversion,northern Manitoba[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences,1984,41:682-691.
[11]BODALY R A,ST.LOUIS V L,PATERSON M J,et al.Bioaccumulation of mercury in the aquatic food chain in newly flooded areas[J].Metal Ions in Biological Systems,1997,34:259-287.
[12]BODALY R A,JANSEN W A,MAJEWSKI A R,et al.Postimpoundment time course of increased mercury concentrations in fish in hydroelectric reservoirs of northern Manitoba,Canada[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination&Toxicology,2007,53:379-389.
[13]HECKY R E,RAMSEY D J,BODALY R A,et al.Increase methylmercury contamination in fish in newly formed freshwater reservoirs[C]//SUZUKI T,IMURA N,CLARKSON T W.Advance in mercury toxicology.New York:Plenum Press,1991:33-52.
[14]SCHETAGNE R,VERDON R.Post-impoundment evolution of fish mercury levels at the La Grande Complex,Quebec,Canada(from1978 to 1996)[C]//LUCOTTE M,SCHETAGNE R,THERIEN N.Mercury in the biogeochemical cycle.Berlin:Springer,1999:115-130.
[15]HYLANDER L D,GROHN J,TROPP M,et al.Fish mercury increase in Lago Manso,a new hydroelectric reservoir in tropical Brazil[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2006,81:155-166.
[16]TUOMOLA L,NIKLASSON T,DE CASTRO E S E,et al.Fish mercury development in relation to abiotic characteristics and carbon sources in a six-year-old,Brazilian Reservoir[J].Science of the Total Environment,2008,390:177-187.
[17]LODENIUS M,SEPPANEN A,HERRANEN M.Accumulation of mercury in fish and man from reservoirs in northern Finland[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,1983,19:237-246.
[18]PORVARI P.Development of fish mercury concentrations in Finnish reservoir from 1979 to 1994[J].Science of the Total Environment,1998,213:279-290.
[19]YINGCHAROEN D,BODALY R A.Elevated mercury levels in fish resulting from reservoir flooding in Thailand[J].Asian Fisheries Science,1993,6:73-80.
[20]LI Sixin,ZHOU Lianfeng,WANG Hongjun,et al.Short-term impact of reservoir impoundment on the patterns of mercury distribution in a subtropical aquatic ecosystem,Wujiang River,southwest China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2013,20:4396-4404.
[21]DOWNS S G,MACLEOD C L,LESTER J N.Mercury in precipitation and its relation to bioaccumulation in fish:a literature review[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,1998,108:149-187.
[22]ZHANG L,WONG M H.Environmental mercury contamination in China:sources and impacts[J].Environment International,2007,33:108-121.
[23]FENG Xinbin,QIU Guangle.Mercury pollution in Guizhou,southwestern China:an overview[J].Science of the Total Environment,2008,400:227-237.
[24]VERDON R,BROUARD D,DEMERS C,et al.Mercury evolution(1978-1988)in fishes of the La Grande hydroelectric complex,Quebec,Canada[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,1991,56:405-417.
[25]LAWRENCE M,BROOKS M B.A field guide to freshwater fishes:North America North of Mexico[M].New York:Houghton Mifflin Company,1991.
[26]SCHETAGNE R,DOYON J F,FOURNIER J J.Export of mercury downstream from reservoirs[J].Science of the Total Environment,2000,260:135-145.
[27]PALERMO E F A,KASPER D,REIS T S,et al.Mercury level increase in fish tissues downstream the TucuruíReservoir,Brazil[J].RMZ Material and Geoenvironment,2004,51:1292-1294.
[28]TUOMOLA L.Mercury levels in fish five years after construction of Lago Manso Reservoir,Brazil[R].Uppsala,Sweden:Uppsala University,2005:1-28.
[29]ANDERSON M R.Duration and extent of elevated mercury levels in downstream fish following reservoir creation[J].River Systems,2011,19:167-176.
[30]KASPER D,PALERMO E F A,BRANCO C W C,et al.Evidence of elevated mercury levels in carnivorous and omnivorous fishes downstream from an Amazon reservoir[J].Hydrobiologia,2012,694:87-98.
[31]KASPER D,FORSBERG B R,AMARAL J H F,et al.Reservoir stratification affects methylmercury levels in river water,plankton,and fish downstream from Balbina hydroelectric dam,Amazonas,Brazil[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48:1032-1040.
[32]GREEN D J,DUFFY M,JANZ D M.Historical and contemporary patterns of mercury in a hydroelectric reservoir and downstream fishery:concentration decline in water and fishes[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2016,71:157-170.
[33]CANAVAN C M,CALDWELL C A,BLOOM N S.Discharge of methylmercury enriched hypolimnetic water from a stratified reservoir[J].Science of the Total Environment,2000,260:159-170.
[34]ST LOUIS V L,RUDD J W M,KELLY C A,et al.The rise and fall of mercury methylation in an experimental reservoir[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2004,38:1348-1358.
[35]HALL B D,BODALY R A,FUDGE R J P,et al.Food as the dominant pathway of methylmercury uptake by fish[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,1997,100:13-24.
[36]TREMBLAY A,LUCOTTE M,RHEAULT I.Methylmercury in a benthic food web of two hydroelectric reservoirs and a natural lake of northern Québec(Canada)[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,1996,91(3/4):255-269.
[37]TREMBLAY A,LUCOTTE M,MEILI M,et al.Total mercury and methylmercury contents of insects from boreal lakes:ecological,spatial and temporal patterns[J].Water Quality Research Journal of Canada,1996,31:851-873.
[38]GUIMARAES J R D,MEILI M,MALM O,et al.Hg methylation in sediments and floating meadows of a tropical lake in the Pantanal floodplain,Brazil[J].Science of the Total Environment,1998,213:165-175.
[39]IKINGURA J R,AKAGI H.Total mercury and methylmercury levels in fish from hydroelectric reservoirs in Tanzania[J].Science of the Total Environment,2003,304:355-368.
[40]AGORKU E S,VOEGBORLO R B,ADIMADO A A.Total mercury levels in nine species of freshwater fish from two hydroelectric reservoirs and a crater lake in Ghana[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2009,153:383-389.
[41]冯新斌.乌江流域水库汞的生物地球化学过程及环境效应[M].北京:科学出版社,2015.
[42]冯新斌,陈玖斌,付学吾,等.汞的环境地球化学研究进展[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2013,32(5):503-530.
[43]JIANG Hongmei,FENG Xinbin,DAI Qianjin.Damming effect on the distribution of mercury in Wujiang River[J].Chinese Journal of Geochemistry,2005,24(2):179-183.
[44]YAN Haiyu,FENG Xinbin,SHANG Lihai,et al.The variations of mercury in sediment profiles from a historically mercurycontaminated reservoir,Guizhou Province,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2008,407(1):497-506.
[45]ZHANG Junfang,FENG Xinbin,YAN Haiyu,et al.Seasonal distributions of mercury species and their relationship to some physicochemical factors in Puding Reservoir,Guizhou,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2009,408:122-129.
[46]FENG Xinbin,JIANG Hongmei,QIU Guangle,et al.Geochemical processes of mercury in Wujiangdu and Dongfeng reservoirs,Guizhou,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2009,157:2970-2984.
[47]MENG Bo,FENG Xinbin,QIU Guangle,et al.The impacts of organic matter on the distribution and methylation of mercury in a hydroelectric reservoir in Wujiang River,southwest China[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2016,35(1):191-199.
[48]YAO Heng,FENG Xinbin,GUO Yanna,et al.Mercury and methylmercury concentrations in two newly constructed reservoirs in the Wujiang River,Guizhou,China[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2011,30:530-537.
[49]LIU Bian,YAN Haiyu,WANG Cuiping,et al.Insights into low fish mercury bioaccumulation in a mercury-contaminated reservoir,Guizhou,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2012,160:109-117.
[50]LI Sixin,ZHOU Lianfeng,WANG Hongjun,et al.Feeding habits and habitats preferences affecting mercury bioaccumulation in 37subtropical fish species from Wujiang River,China[J].Ecotoxicology,2009,18:204-210.
[51]LI Sixin,ZHOU Lianfeng,CHANG Jianbo,et al.The impact of impoundment on mercury bioaccumulation in fish downstream from a newly constructed reservoir,Wujiang River,southwest China[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2017,74:1-8.
[52]LARSSEN T.Mercury in Chinese reservoirs[J].Environmental Pollution,2010,158:24-25.