东帕米尔高原喜马拉雅雪鸡遗传多样性及系统发育地位
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摘要
东帕米尔高原作为生物多样性丰富的区域之一,喜马拉雅雪鸡和藏雪鸡在此混群分布。以东帕米尔高原喜马拉雅雪鸡为研究对象,采用PCR和测序技术,研究了mt DNA D-loop区序列特征,下载Gen Bank已提交的雪鸡序列,利用最大似然法构建系统发育树和中介网络关系,以阐明东帕米尔高原喜马拉雅雪鸡遗传多样性水平和系统进化地位。结果表明:东帕米尔高原喜马拉雅雪鸡mt DNA D-loop序列富含A、T碱基,含量为59.8%,存在64个多态位点,占核苷酸总数的5.5%,其中单一多态位点29个,简约信息位点33个,两处插入或缺失,转换发生的频率远远高于颠换;25个个体存在23种单倍型,平均单倍型多样度(Hd)为0.92±0.0001,平均核苷酸多样度(π)为0.00958,平均核苷酸差异度(K)为11.067,说明东帕米尔高原喜马拉雅雪鸡核苷酸多样性较低,单倍型多样性高,具有较为丰富的遗传多样性;系统发育分析显示喜马拉雅雪鸡与藏雪鸡分为明显的两大簇群,本研究涉及的东帕米尔高原喜马拉雅雪鸡出现遗传分化,呈现明显的2个进化支;中介网络关系分析显示雪鸡具有明显的地理分布特征,本研究雪鸡84%的单倍型聚在以东帕米尔高原为中心的进化支上。因此,建议扩大塔什库尔干野生动物自然保护区(位于东帕米尔高原境内)范围,建立国家级自然保护区,恢复生态环境,以提高雪鸡栖息地的生存适宜性。
The Eastern Pamir Plateau is a region with highly abundant biodiversity in Xinjiang,China,where the distribution of Tetraogallus himalayensis( T.himalayensis) and Tetraogallus tibetanus( T.tibetanus) are found. In this study,the mt DNA D-loop gene sequences of the study organism,T. himalayensis,were sequenced and analyzed,Both haplotype networks and a phylogenetic tree based on the neighbor-joining and Maximum Likelihood methods were constructed to analyze genetic diversity and phylogenetic status of the species' Eastern Pamir Plateau population. The results indicated thatA and T bases were rich in the mt DNA D-loop sequences at 59.8%. There were 64 mutation sites,accounting for 5.5% of all nucleotides,of which 29 were singleton variable sites,33 were parsimony informative sites,and 2 were insertion/deletion sites. There were many more transitions than transversions. The average haplotype diversity( Hd) was 0.92 + 0.0001,the average nucleotide diversity( PI) was 0. 00958,and the average nucleotide diversity( K) was 11. 067. Overall,the nucleotide diversity of T. himalayensis in the Eastern Pamir Plateau was low. while haplotype diversity was highdemonstrating rich genetic diversity in the species. Through phylogenetic analysis, this study equally found that T.himalayensis and T. tibetanus are divided in two major clusters. T. himalayensis shows the greatest genetic differentiation,with 2 obvious evolutionary branches. Additionally, Snowcock( Tetraogallus spp.) exhibit a distinct geographical distribution,with 84% of T. himalayensis haplotypes in the Eastern Pamir Plateau being in unique evolutionary branches.Accordingly,it is recommended that the Tashkorgan Wild Animal Nature Reserve be expanded,and upgraded to the level of National Nature Reserve,in recognition of the ecological significance of the region and to support the protection and restoration of suitable Tetraogallus spp. habitat in the Eastern Pamirs.
The Eastern Pamir Plateau is a region with highly abundant biodiversity in Xinjiang,China,where the distribution of Tetraogallus himalayensis( T.himalayensis) and Tetraogallus tibetanus( T.tibetanus) are found. In this study,the mt DNA D-loop gene sequences of the study organism,T. himalayensis,were sequenced and analyzed,Both haplotype networks and a phylogenetic tree based on the neighbor-joining and Maximum Likelihood methods were constructed to analyze genetic diversity and phylogenetic status of the species' Eastern Pamir Plateau population. The results indicated thatA and T bases were rich in the mt DNA D-loop sequences at 59.8%. There were 64 mutation sites,accounting for 5.5% of all nucleotides,of which 29 were singleton variable sites,33 were parsimony informative sites,and 2 were insertion/deletion sites. There were many more transitions than transversions. The average haplotype diversity( Hd) was 0.92 + 0.0001,the average nucleotide diversity( PI) was 0. 00958,and the average nucleotide diversity( K) was 11. 067. Overall,the nucleotide diversity of T. himalayensis in the Eastern Pamir Plateau was low. while haplotype diversity was highdemonstrating rich genetic diversity in the species. Through phylogenetic analysis, this study equally found that T.himalayensis and T. tibetanus are divided in two major clusters. T. himalayensis shows the greatest genetic differentiation,with 2 obvious evolutionary branches. Additionally, Snowcock( Tetraogallus spp.) exhibit a distinct geographical distribution,with 84% of T. himalayensis haplotypes in the Eastern Pamir Plateau being in unique evolutionary branches.Accordingly,it is recommended that the Tashkorgan Wild Animal Nature Reserve be expanded,and upgraded to the level of National Nature Reserve,in recognition of the ecological significance of the region and to support the protection and restoration of suitable Tetraogallus spp. habitat in the Eastern Pamirs.
引文
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[2]郑作新.中国动物志:鸟纲.第四卷,鸡形目.科学出版社,1978.
[3]马鸣,周永恒,马力.新疆雪鸡的分布及生态观察.野生动物,1991,(4):15-16.
[4]刘乃发,王香亭.甘肃鸡类分类区系研究.甘肃科学学报,1992,4(4):29-38.
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[7]IUCN.The IUCN Red List of Threatened SpeciesTM.Gland,Switzerland:IUCN.[2015-01-26].http://www.iucnredlist.org.
[8]蒋志刚,江建平,王跃招,等.中国脊椎动物红色名录.生物多样性,2016,24(5):500-551.
[9]黄人鑫,杜春华,邵红光,张卫红.中国高山雪鸡的地理分布.动物学研究,1992,13(1):66-66,72-72.
[10]黄人鑫,马力,邵红光,姜涛.新疆高山雪鸡的生态和生物学的初步研究.新疆大学学报:自然科学版,1990,7(3):71-76.
[11]卢汰春.中国珍稀濒危雉类.大自然,1989,(1):37-39.
[12]刘迺发,王香亭.高山雪鸡繁殖生态研究.动物学研究,1990,11(4):299-302
[13]常城,刘迺发,王香亭.暗腹雪鸡的繁殖及食性.动物学报,1993,39(1):107-108.
[14]阿德里,马鸣,海肉拉,王正已.天山博格达南部雪鸡的生态习性.干旱区研究,1997,14(1):84-87.
[15]魏建辉,陈玉平.暗腹雪鸡的生态习性初探.甘肃林业科技,2004,29(4):1-4,8-8.
[16]佚名.新疆的珍贵野生动物的饲养方法.新疆林业,1975,(3):34-34.
[17]阿德力·麦地,王德忠,马鸣,海肉拉·麦得力汗.天山博格达高山雪鸡的生态习性与人工养殖技术.新疆畜牧业,1999,(4):27-29.
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[19]米来·夏日甫,乌热力哈孜,赛务加甫,冷青文,海肉拉.雪鸡的驯化及人工养殖技术.中国家禽,1999,24(6):31-32.
[20]李世霞,魏建辉.暗腹雪鸡的人工孵化技术.四川动物,2002,21(1):48-50.
[21]王加福.高山雪鸡人工捕抓驯养繁殖适应性研究.甘肃畜牧兽医,2001,31(3):12-13.
[22]阿德力·麦地,胡玉昆,李凯辉.暗腹雪鸡人工饲养繁育初报.四川动物,2004,23(2):149-152.
[23]常城,刘迺发,王香亭.暗腹雪鸡青海亚种活动规律及雏鸟羽毛生长和成体秋季换羽.甘肃科学学报,1994,6(1):77-81.
[24]吾热力哈孜,米来,周自动,海肉拉.高山雪鸡的内脏器官解剖.四川畜牧兽医,2001,28(7):26-26,28-28.
[25]王轮,王正己,陈宁,哈孜,桂萍.雪鸡血液和生理参数的测定与分析(简报).石河子农学院学报,1995,(1):63-64.
[26]王正已,王燕,哈孜,米来,许振营.雪鸡肉几种氨基酸和微量元素的测定及对比分析.石河子农学院学报,1995,(1):49-52.
[27]文丽荣,李国强,丁树峰,唐旭利.新疆雪鸡微量元素及氨基酸含量的测定.新疆师范大学学报:自然科学版,1996,15(3):44-46.
[28]阿德力·麦地,海茹拉.新疆雪鸡.乌鲁木齐:新疆科技卫生出版社,1999:110-125.
[29]李红燕,王金富,刘凯.暗腹雪鸡染色体的核型分析.石河子大学学报:自然科学版,2006,24(3):294-298.
[30]刘强,吴敏,张琳麟,李悦.暗腹雪鸡细胞色素b基因的克隆及其在雉科中亲缘关系的分析.浙江大学学报:理学版,2006,33(1):89-94.
[31]Ruan L Z,Zhang L X,Sun Q W,Liu N F.Genetic structure of Himalayan Snowcock(Tetraogallus himalayensis)populations in China.Biochemical Genetics,2006,44(9/10):457-463.
[32]Ruan L Z,Zhang L X,Wen L Y,Sun Q W,Liu N F.Phylogeny and molecular evolution of Tetraogallus in China.Biochemical Genetics,2005,43(9/10):507-518.
[33]王小立.喜马拉雅雪鸡的分子系统地理学研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2012.
[34]Wang X L,Qu J Y,Liu N F,Bao X K,Song S.Limited gene flow and partial isolation phylogeography of Himalayan Snowcock Tetraogallus himalayensis based on part mitochondrial D-loop sequences.Current Zoology,2011,57(6):758-767.
[35]王玉涛,戴志刚,杨世杰,罗玉柱.东帕米尔高原盘羊分布与栖息地植被覆盖时空变化.生态学报,2016,36(1):209-217.
[36]傅伯杰,于丹丹,吕楠.中国生物多样性与生态系统服务评估指标体系.生态学报,2017,37(2):341-348.
[37]安蓓.西藏雪鸡种群遗传结构与分子系统地理学研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2009.
[38]An B,Zhang L X,Browne S,Liu N F,Ruan L Z,Song S.Phylogeography of Tibetan Snowcock(Tetraogallus tibetanus)in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,2009,50(3):526-533.
[39]Hunter,Malcolm L.Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems.Cambridge University Press,1999.
[40]包新康.我国高山鹑类分子系统发生研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2010.
[2]郑作新.中国动物志:鸟纲.第四卷,鸡形目.科学出版社,1978.
[3]马鸣,周永恒,马力.新疆雪鸡的分布及生态观察.野生动物,1991,(4):15-16.
[4]刘乃发,王香亭.甘肃鸡类分类区系研究.甘肃科学学报,1992,4(4):29-38.
[5]约翰·马敬能,卡伦·菲力普斯.中国鸟类野外手册.卢何芬,译.长沙:湖南教育出版社,2000.
[6]沈孝宙,王家骏.中国雪鸡的分类、地理分布和生态.动物学杂志,1963,5(2):67-68.
[7]IUCN.The IUCN Red List of Threatened SpeciesTM.Gland,Switzerland:IUCN.[2015-01-26].http://www.iucnredlist.org.
[8]蒋志刚,江建平,王跃招,等.中国脊椎动物红色名录.生物多样性,2016,24(5):500-551.
[9]黄人鑫,杜春华,邵红光,张卫红.中国高山雪鸡的地理分布.动物学研究,1992,13(1):66-66,72-72.
[10]黄人鑫,马力,邵红光,姜涛.新疆高山雪鸡的生态和生物学的初步研究.新疆大学学报:自然科学版,1990,7(3):71-76.
[11]卢汰春.中国珍稀濒危雉类.大自然,1989,(1):37-39.
[12]刘迺发,王香亭.高山雪鸡繁殖生态研究.动物学研究,1990,11(4):299-302
[13]常城,刘迺发,王香亭.暗腹雪鸡的繁殖及食性.动物学报,1993,39(1):107-108.
[14]阿德里,马鸣,海肉拉,王正已.天山博格达南部雪鸡的生态习性.干旱区研究,1997,14(1):84-87.
[15]魏建辉,陈玉平.暗腹雪鸡的生态习性初探.甘肃林业科技,2004,29(4):1-4,8-8.
[16]佚名.新疆的珍贵野生动物的饲养方法.新疆林业,1975,(3):34-34.
[17]阿德力·麦地,王德忠,马鸣,海肉拉·麦得力汗.天山博格达高山雪鸡的生态习性与人工养殖技术.新疆畜牧业,1999,(4):27-29.
[18]阿德力·麦地,王德忠,马鸣.博格达高山雪鸡的生物学特性及人工驯养.干旱区研究,2000,17(1):75-77.
[19]米来·夏日甫,乌热力哈孜,赛务加甫,冷青文,海肉拉.雪鸡的驯化及人工养殖技术.中国家禽,1999,24(6):31-32.
[20]李世霞,魏建辉.暗腹雪鸡的人工孵化技术.四川动物,2002,21(1):48-50.
[21]王加福.高山雪鸡人工捕抓驯养繁殖适应性研究.甘肃畜牧兽医,2001,31(3):12-13.
[22]阿德力·麦地,胡玉昆,李凯辉.暗腹雪鸡人工饲养繁育初报.四川动物,2004,23(2):149-152.
[23]常城,刘迺发,王香亭.暗腹雪鸡青海亚种活动规律及雏鸟羽毛生长和成体秋季换羽.甘肃科学学报,1994,6(1):77-81.
[24]吾热力哈孜,米来,周自动,海肉拉.高山雪鸡的内脏器官解剖.四川畜牧兽医,2001,28(7):26-26,28-28.
[25]王轮,王正己,陈宁,哈孜,桂萍.雪鸡血液和生理参数的测定与分析(简报).石河子农学院学报,1995,(1):63-64.
[26]王正已,王燕,哈孜,米来,许振营.雪鸡肉几种氨基酸和微量元素的测定及对比分析.石河子农学院学报,1995,(1):49-52.
[27]文丽荣,李国强,丁树峰,唐旭利.新疆雪鸡微量元素及氨基酸含量的测定.新疆师范大学学报:自然科学版,1996,15(3):44-46.
[28]阿德力·麦地,海茹拉.新疆雪鸡.乌鲁木齐:新疆科技卫生出版社,1999:110-125.
[29]李红燕,王金富,刘凯.暗腹雪鸡染色体的核型分析.石河子大学学报:自然科学版,2006,24(3):294-298.
[30]刘强,吴敏,张琳麟,李悦.暗腹雪鸡细胞色素b基因的克隆及其在雉科中亲缘关系的分析.浙江大学学报:理学版,2006,33(1):89-94.
[31]Ruan L Z,Zhang L X,Sun Q W,Liu N F.Genetic structure of Himalayan Snowcock(Tetraogallus himalayensis)populations in China.Biochemical Genetics,2006,44(9/10):457-463.
[32]Ruan L Z,Zhang L X,Wen L Y,Sun Q W,Liu N F.Phylogeny and molecular evolution of Tetraogallus in China.Biochemical Genetics,2005,43(9/10):507-518.
[33]王小立.喜马拉雅雪鸡的分子系统地理学研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2012.
[34]Wang X L,Qu J Y,Liu N F,Bao X K,Song S.Limited gene flow and partial isolation phylogeography of Himalayan Snowcock Tetraogallus himalayensis based on part mitochondrial D-loop sequences.Current Zoology,2011,57(6):758-767.
[35]王玉涛,戴志刚,杨世杰,罗玉柱.东帕米尔高原盘羊分布与栖息地植被覆盖时空变化.生态学报,2016,36(1):209-217.
[36]傅伯杰,于丹丹,吕楠.中国生物多样性与生态系统服务评估指标体系.生态学报,2017,37(2):341-348.
[37]安蓓.西藏雪鸡种群遗传结构与分子系统地理学研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2009.
[38]An B,Zhang L X,Browne S,Liu N F,Ruan L Z,Song S.Phylogeography of Tibetan Snowcock(Tetraogallus tibetanus)in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,2009,50(3):526-533.
[39]Hunter,Malcolm L.Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems.Cambridge University Press,1999.
[40]包新康.我国高山鹑类分子系统发生研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2010.