培育密度和投饵量对长牡蛎壳黑选育品系幼虫生长存活及附着变态的影响
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摘要
为探究长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)壳黑选育品系规模化繁育适宜的培育密度和投饵量,本研究以长牡蛎野生群体幼虫为对照组,分析了不同培育密度(3、7和15个/mL)和不同初始投饵量(0.4、0.8和1.6×10~3cells·ind~(-1)·d~(-1))对长牡蛎壳黑选育品系幼虫生长、存活及附着的影响。研究显示,培育密度和投饵量对长牡蛎幼虫的生长速率、存活率和附着率有显著交互作用(P<0.05)。在培育密度3和7个/mL实验组,长牡蛎幼虫生长速率随投饵量增加而显著增大(P<0.05),并在培育密度7个/mL、投饵量1.6×10~3cells·ind~(-1)·d~(-1)实验组达到最大值。而在培育密度15个/mL实验组,投饵量增加对长牡蛎幼虫的生长速率无显著影响(P> 0.05)。且在培育密度15个/mL、投饵量1.6×10~3cells·ind~(-1)·d~(-1)实验组长牡蛎壳黑品系幼虫存活率和附着率最低。但在培育密度15个/mL实验组长牡蛎壳黑选育品系幼虫的壳高始终高于野生群体幼虫。且除投饵量0.4×10~3cells·ind~(-1)·d~(-1)实验组外,长牡蛎壳黑选育品系幼虫生长速率、存活率和附着率均高于野生群体幼虫。研究结果表明,长牡蛎壳黑选育品系幼虫最适培育条件为培育密度7个/mL、投饵量1.6×10~3cells·ind~(-1)·d~(-1),增加投饵量可促进长牡蛎幼虫生长,但过高的培育密度会与投饵量产生拮抗作用,抑制幼虫生长,不利于幼虫存活和附着。与长牡蛎野生群体相比,壳黑选育品系幼虫能适应更高的培育密度环境,在饵料充足的条件下,其幼虫的生长、存活及附着性状均优于野生群体。
The effects of stocking density(3,7 and 15 larvae·mL~(-1))and initial algal ration(0.4,0.8 and 1.6×10~3 cells·ind~(-1)·d~(-1))on the growth,survival and settlement of black shell lines and wild population of C.gigas larvae were investigated.The optimal combination of stocking density and algal ration for Pacific oyster(C.gigas)black shell line larvae was determined.Results indicatedthat the interaction of stocking density and algal ration had significant effects on growth,survival and settlement of C.gigas larvae(P<0.05).At 3,7 inds·mL~(-1),larval growth rate increased with algal ration.Laval growth rate was the highest in the group of 7 inds·mL~(-1) and 1.6×10~3 cells·ind~(-1)·d~(-1) among groups.At 15 inds·mL~(-1),algal ration had no significant effect on larval growth rate(P> 0.05).Under the condition of 15 inds·mL~(-1) and 1.6×10~3 cells·ind~(-1)·d~(-1),there werethe minimum survival and settlement rates of C.gigas black shell linelarvae.However,the shell height of black shell line larvae at the density of 15 inds·mL~(-1) was significantly higher than that of wild larvae(P <0.05).Except the condition of 0.4×10~3 cells·ind~(-1)·d~(-1),the growth,survival and settlement of black shell line larvaewere superior to those of wild larvae,suggesting that black shell line larvae adapted to a higher density,being better than wild larvae in ingestion,growth,survival and settlement.A high stocking density can antagonize the algal ration,thus causes the decrease of growth.The optimum stocking density and algal ration of C.gigas black shell line larvae were 7 inds·mL~(-1) and 1.6×103 cells·ind~(-1)·d~(-1),respectively.
The effects of stocking density(3,7 and 15 larvae·mL~(-1))and initial algal ration(0.4,0.8 and 1.6×10~3 cells·ind~(-1)·d~(-1))on the growth,survival and settlement of black shell lines and wild population of C.gigas larvae were investigated.The optimal combination of stocking density and algal ration for Pacific oyster(C.gigas)black shell line larvae was determined.Results indicatedthat the interaction of stocking density and algal ration had significant effects on growth,survival and settlement of C.gigas larvae(P<0.05).At 3,7 inds·mL~(-1),larval growth rate increased with algal ration.Laval growth rate was the highest in the group of 7 inds·mL~(-1) and 1.6×10~3 cells·ind~(-1)·d~(-1) among groups.At 15 inds·mL~(-1),algal ration had no significant effect on larval growth rate(P> 0.05).Under the condition of 15 inds·mL~(-1) and 1.6×10~3 cells·ind~(-1)·d~(-1),there werethe minimum survival and settlement rates of C.gigas black shell linelarvae.However,the shell height of black shell line larvae at the density of 15 inds·mL~(-1) was significantly higher than that of wild larvae(P <0.05).Except the condition of 0.4×10~3 cells·ind~(-1)·d~(-1),the growth,survival and settlement of black shell line larvaewere superior to those of wild larvae,suggesting that black shell line larvae adapted to a higher density,being better than wild larvae in ingestion,growth,survival and settlement.A high stocking density can antagonize the algal ration,thus causes the decrease of growth.The optimum stocking density and algal ration of C.gigas black shell line larvae were 7 inds·mL~(-1) and 1.6×103 cells·ind~(-1)·d~(-1),respectively.
引文
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[3] Melo C M R D,Durland E,Langdon C.Improvements in desirable traits of the Pacific oyster,a result of five generations of selection on the West Coast,USA[J].Aquaculture,2016,460:105-115.
[4]张跃环,闫喜武,张澎,等.贝类壳色多态的研究概况及展望[J].水产科学,2008,27(12):680-683.Zhang Y H,Yan X W,Zhang P,et al.Research advances and prospects on shell color polymorphism of mollusks[J].Fisheries Science,2008,27(12):680-683.
[5] Innes D J,Haley L E.Inheritance of a shell-color polymorphism in the mussel[J].The Journal of Heredity,1977,68(3):203-204.
[6] Peignon J M,Gerard A,Naciri Y,et al.Analysis of shell color determination in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum[J].Aquatic Living Resources,1995,8(2):181-189.
[7] Evans S,Camara M D,Langdon C J.Heritability of shell pigmentation in the Pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigas[J].Aquaculture,2009,286(3):211-216.
[8] Ge J,Li Q,Yu H,et al.Mendelian inheritance of golden shell color in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas[J].Aquaculture,2015,441:21-24.
[9] Rico-Villa B,Pouvreau S,Robert R.Influence of food density and temperature on ingestion,growth and settlement of Pacific oyster larvae,Crassostrea gigas[J].Aquaculture,2009,287(3):395-401.
[10] Robert R,Vignier J,Petton B.Influence of feeding regime and temperature on development and settlement of oyster Ostrea edulis(Linnaeus,1758)larvae[J].Aquaculture Research,2017,48(9):4756-4773.
[11] Pérez-Camacho A,Belras R,Albentosa M.Effects of algal food concentration and body size on the ingestion rates of Ruditapes decussatus(Bivalvia)veliger larvae[J].Marine Ecology Progress,1994,115(1):87-92.
[12] Beiras R,Camacho A P.Influence of food concentration on the physiological energetics and growth of Ostrea edulis larvae[J].Marine Biology,1994,120(3):427-435.
[13] Tang B,Liu B,Wang G,et al.Effects of various algal diets and starvation on larval growth and survival of Meretrix meretrix[J].Aquaculture,2006,254(1-4):526-533.
[14] Yan X,Zhang G,Yang F.Effects of diet,stocking density,and environmental factors on growth,survival,and metamorphosis of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum larvae[J].Aquaculture,2006,253(1):350-358.
[15] Doroudi M S,Southgate P C.The influence of algal ration and larval density on growth and survival of blacklip pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera(L.)larvae[J].Aquaculture Research,2000,31(8-9):621-626.
[16] Deng Y,Fu S,Liang F,et al.Effects of stocking density,diet,and water exchange on growth and survival of pearl oyster Pinctada maxima larvae[J].Aquaculture International,2013,21(6):1185-1194.
[17]杨智鹏,于红,于瑞海,等.不同温度、盐度和培育密度对脉红螺浮游幼虫生长存活的影响[J].中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版),2015,45(11):15-19.Yang Zhipeng,Yu Hong,Yu Ruihai,et al.Effects of temperature,salinity and stocking density on the growth and survival of Veined Rapa Whelk(Rapanavenosa)pelagic larvae[J].Periodical of Ocean University of China,2015,45(11):15-19.
[18] Liu W,Gurneysmith H,Beerens A,et al.Effects of stocking density,algal density,and temperature on growth and survival of larvae of the basket cockle,Clinocardium nuttallii[J].Aquaculture,2010,299(1):99-105.
[19]Marshall R,Pearce C M,Mckinley R S.Interactive effects of stocking density and algal feed ration on growth,survival,and ingestion rate of larval geoduck clams[J].North American Journal of Aquaculture,2014,76(3):265-274.
[20] Gallager S M.Visual observations of particle Manipulation during feeding in larvae of a bivalve mollusk[J].Bulletin of Marine Science,1988,43(3):344-365.
[21]高霄龙,李莉,孔令锋,等.养殖密度对毛蚶幼虫生长及存活的影响[J].中国水产科学,2016,23(1):233-240.Gao X,Li L I,Kong L,et al.Effect of stocking density on growth and survival of bloody clam(Scapharca subcrenata)larvae[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2016,23(1):233-240.
[22] Wang W X,Widdows J.Physiological responses of mussel larvae Mytilus edulis to environmental hypoxia and anoxia[J].Marine Ecology Progress,1991,70(3):223-236.
[23] Torkildsen L,Magnesen T.Hatchery production of scallop larvae(Pecten maximus)-survival in different rearing systems[J].Aquaculture International,2004,12(4-5):489-507.
[24] Trevallion A,Johnston R,Finlayson D M,et al.Studies in the bivalve,Tellina tenuis da costa.IV.Further experiments in enriched sea water[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology&Ecology,1973,11(2):189-206.
[25]张涛,阙华勇.延迟变态对海洋无脊椎动物生长发育的影响[J].海洋科学,2001,25(6):28-30.Zheng T,Que H Y.The effects of delayed metamorphosis on growth and development of invertebrates[J].Marine Sciences,2001,25(6):28-30.
[26] Robert R,Vignier J,Petton B.Influence of feeding regime and temperature on development and settlement of oyster Ostrea edulis(Linnaeus,1758)larvae[J].Aquaculture Research,2007,48(9):4756-4773.
[27] Liu B,Dong B,Tang B,et al.Effect of stocking density on growth,settlement and survival of clam larvae,Meretrix meretrix[J].Aquaculture,2006,258(1):344-349.
[28] Huaiping Z,Guofan Z,Xiao L.Comparison of growth and survival of larvae among different shell color stocks of bay scallop Argopecten irradians irradians(Lamarck 1819)[J].Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limuology,2005,23(2):183-188.
[29]丛日浩,李琪,葛建龙,等.长牡蛎4种壳色家系子代的表型性状比较[J].中国水产科学,2014,21(3):494-502.Cong R H,Li Q,Ge J L,et al.Comparison of phenotypic traits of four shell color families of the Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas)[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2014,21(3):494-502.
[30] Wolff M,Garrido J.Comparative study of growth and survival of two color morphs of the Chilean scallop Argopecten purpuratus Lamarck(1819)in suspended culture[J].Journal of Shellfish Research,1991,10(1):47-53.
[31]王庆志,李琪,孔令锋,等.长牡蛎第三代选育群体生长性状的选择效应[J].水产学报,2013,37(10):1487-1494.Wang Q,Qi LI,Kong L,et al.Third generation evaluation of the Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas)breeding lines selected for fast growth[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2013,37(10):1487-1494.
[32] Nell J A,Perkins B.Evaluation of progeny of fourth generation Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata(Gould,1850)breeding lines[J].Aquaculture Research,2015,36(8):753-757.
[33] He M,Guan Y,Yuan T,et al.Realized heritability and response to selection for shell height in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata,(Gould)[J].Aquaculture Research,2008,39(8):801-805.
[34] Liang J,Zhang G,Zheng H.Divergent selection and realized heritability for growth in the Japanese scallop,Patinopecten yessoensis Jay[J].Aquaculture Research,2010,41(9):1315-1321.
[35] Azéma P,Maurouard E,Lamy J B,et al.The use of size and growing height to improve Crassostrea gigas,farming and breeding techniques against OsHV-1[J].Aquaculture,2017,471:121-129.
[36] Dove M C,Nell J A,O’Connor W A.Evaluation of the progeny of the fourth-generation Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata(Gould,1850)breeding lines for resistance to QX disease(Marteilia sydneyi)and winter mortality(Bonamia roughleyi)[J].Aquaculture Research,2013,44(11):1791-1800.
[37]邓传敏,李琪,孔令锋,等.长牡蛎壳金选育系F4与普通养殖群体摄食和呼吸的比较研究[J].中国水产科学,2016,23(4):855-863.Deng C M,Qi L I,Kong L,et al.Comparison of feeding and respiration of the forth golden shell colorline and normal culture groups of the Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas)[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2016,23(4):855-863.
[38] Bayne B L.Relations between variable rates of growth,metabolic costs and growth efficiencies in individual Sydney rock oysters(Saccostrea commercialis)[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology&Ecology,2000,251(2):185-203.
[2] Langdon C,Evans F,Jacobson D,et al.Yields of cultured pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas thunberg improved after one generation of selection[J].Aquaculture,2003,220(1):227-244.
[3] Melo C M R D,Durland E,Langdon C.Improvements in desirable traits of the Pacific oyster,a result of five generations of selection on the West Coast,USA[J].Aquaculture,2016,460:105-115.
[4]张跃环,闫喜武,张澎,等.贝类壳色多态的研究概况及展望[J].水产科学,2008,27(12):680-683.Zhang Y H,Yan X W,Zhang P,et al.Research advances and prospects on shell color polymorphism of mollusks[J].Fisheries Science,2008,27(12):680-683.
[5] Innes D J,Haley L E.Inheritance of a shell-color polymorphism in the mussel[J].The Journal of Heredity,1977,68(3):203-204.
[6] Peignon J M,Gerard A,Naciri Y,et al.Analysis of shell color determination in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum[J].Aquatic Living Resources,1995,8(2):181-189.
[7] Evans S,Camara M D,Langdon C J.Heritability of shell pigmentation in the Pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigas[J].Aquaculture,2009,286(3):211-216.
[8] Ge J,Li Q,Yu H,et al.Mendelian inheritance of golden shell color in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas[J].Aquaculture,2015,441:21-24.
[9] Rico-Villa B,Pouvreau S,Robert R.Influence of food density and temperature on ingestion,growth and settlement of Pacific oyster larvae,Crassostrea gigas[J].Aquaculture,2009,287(3):395-401.
[10] Robert R,Vignier J,Petton B.Influence of feeding regime and temperature on development and settlement of oyster Ostrea edulis(Linnaeus,1758)larvae[J].Aquaculture Research,2017,48(9):4756-4773.
[11] Pérez-Camacho A,Belras R,Albentosa M.Effects of algal food concentration and body size on the ingestion rates of Ruditapes decussatus(Bivalvia)veliger larvae[J].Marine Ecology Progress,1994,115(1):87-92.
[12] Beiras R,Camacho A P.Influence of food concentration on the physiological energetics and growth of Ostrea edulis larvae[J].Marine Biology,1994,120(3):427-435.
[13] Tang B,Liu B,Wang G,et al.Effects of various algal diets and starvation on larval growth and survival of Meretrix meretrix[J].Aquaculture,2006,254(1-4):526-533.
[14] Yan X,Zhang G,Yang F.Effects of diet,stocking density,and environmental factors on growth,survival,and metamorphosis of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum larvae[J].Aquaculture,2006,253(1):350-358.
[15] Doroudi M S,Southgate P C.The influence of algal ration and larval density on growth and survival of blacklip pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera(L.)larvae[J].Aquaculture Research,2000,31(8-9):621-626.
[16] Deng Y,Fu S,Liang F,et al.Effects of stocking density,diet,and water exchange on growth and survival of pearl oyster Pinctada maxima larvae[J].Aquaculture International,2013,21(6):1185-1194.
[17]杨智鹏,于红,于瑞海,等.不同温度、盐度和培育密度对脉红螺浮游幼虫生长存活的影响[J].中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版),2015,45(11):15-19.Yang Zhipeng,Yu Hong,Yu Ruihai,et al.Effects of temperature,salinity and stocking density on the growth and survival of Veined Rapa Whelk(Rapanavenosa)pelagic larvae[J].Periodical of Ocean University of China,2015,45(11):15-19.
[18] Liu W,Gurneysmith H,Beerens A,et al.Effects of stocking density,algal density,and temperature on growth and survival of larvae of the basket cockle,Clinocardium nuttallii[J].Aquaculture,2010,299(1):99-105.
[19]Marshall R,Pearce C M,Mckinley R S.Interactive effects of stocking density and algal feed ration on growth,survival,and ingestion rate of larval geoduck clams[J].North American Journal of Aquaculture,2014,76(3):265-274.
[20] Gallager S M.Visual observations of particle Manipulation during feeding in larvae of a bivalve mollusk[J].Bulletin of Marine Science,1988,43(3):344-365.
[21]高霄龙,李莉,孔令锋,等.养殖密度对毛蚶幼虫生长及存活的影响[J].中国水产科学,2016,23(1):233-240.Gao X,Li L I,Kong L,et al.Effect of stocking density on growth and survival of bloody clam(Scapharca subcrenata)larvae[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2016,23(1):233-240.
[22] Wang W X,Widdows J.Physiological responses of mussel larvae Mytilus edulis to environmental hypoxia and anoxia[J].Marine Ecology Progress,1991,70(3):223-236.
[23] Torkildsen L,Magnesen T.Hatchery production of scallop larvae(Pecten maximus)-survival in different rearing systems[J].Aquaculture International,2004,12(4-5):489-507.
[24] Trevallion A,Johnston R,Finlayson D M,et al.Studies in the bivalve,Tellina tenuis da costa.IV.Further experiments in enriched sea water[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology&Ecology,1973,11(2):189-206.
[25]张涛,阙华勇.延迟变态对海洋无脊椎动物生长发育的影响[J].海洋科学,2001,25(6):28-30.Zheng T,Que H Y.The effects of delayed metamorphosis on growth and development of invertebrates[J].Marine Sciences,2001,25(6):28-30.
[26] Robert R,Vignier J,Petton B.Influence of feeding regime and temperature on development and settlement of oyster Ostrea edulis(Linnaeus,1758)larvae[J].Aquaculture Research,2007,48(9):4756-4773.
[27] Liu B,Dong B,Tang B,et al.Effect of stocking density on growth,settlement and survival of clam larvae,Meretrix meretrix[J].Aquaculture,2006,258(1):344-349.
[28] Huaiping Z,Guofan Z,Xiao L.Comparison of growth and survival of larvae among different shell color stocks of bay scallop Argopecten irradians irradians(Lamarck 1819)[J].Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limuology,2005,23(2):183-188.
[29]丛日浩,李琪,葛建龙,等.长牡蛎4种壳色家系子代的表型性状比较[J].中国水产科学,2014,21(3):494-502.Cong R H,Li Q,Ge J L,et al.Comparison of phenotypic traits of four shell color families of the Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas)[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2014,21(3):494-502.
[30] Wolff M,Garrido J.Comparative study of growth and survival of two color morphs of the Chilean scallop Argopecten purpuratus Lamarck(1819)in suspended culture[J].Journal of Shellfish Research,1991,10(1):47-53.
[31]王庆志,李琪,孔令锋,等.长牡蛎第三代选育群体生长性状的选择效应[J].水产学报,2013,37(10):1487-1494.Wang Q,Qi LI,Kong L,et al.Third generation evaluation of the Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas)breeding lines selected for fast growth[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2013,37(10):1487-1494.
[32] Nell J A,Perkins B.Evaluation of progeny of fourth generation Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata(Gould,1850)breeding lines[J].Aquaculture Research,2015,36(8):753-757.
[33] He M,Guan Y,Yuan T,et al.Realized heritability and response to selection for shell height in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata,(Gould)[J].Aquaculture Research,2008,39(8):801-805.
[34] Liang J,Zhang G,Zheng H.Divergent selection and realized heritability for growth in the Japanese scallop,Patinopecten yessoensis Jay[J].Aquaculture Research,2010,41(9):1315-1321.
[35] Azéma P,Maurouard E,Lamy J B,et al.The use of size and growing height to improve Crassostrea gigas,farming and breeding techniques against OsHV-1[J].Aquaculture,2017,471:121-129.
[36] Dove M C,Nell J A,O’Connor W A.Evaluation of the progeny of the fourth-generation Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata(Gould,1850)breeding lines for resistance to QX disease(Marteilia sydneyi)and winter mortality(Bonamia roughleyi)[J].Aquaculture Research,2013,44(11):1791-1800.
[37]邓传敏,李琪,孔令锋,等.长牡蛎壳金选育系F4与普通养殖群体摄食和呼吸的比较研究[J].中国水产科学,2016,23(4):855-863.Deng C M,Qi L I,Kong L,et al.Comparison of feeding and respiration of the forth golden shell colorline and normal culture groups of the Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas)[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2016,23(4):855-863.
[38] Bayne B L.Relations between variable rates of growth,metabolic costs and growth efficiencies in individual Sydney rock oysters(Saccostrea commercialis)[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology&Ecology,2000,251(2):185-203.