南药“龙花”的本草考证
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摘要
南药"龙花"出自出自宋代《证类本草》,可追溯至唐代义净三藏法师所译《金光明最胜王经》之"龙花须"。龙花在历代中医本草中鲜有提及,在佛教经卷医书中却频繁出现,但并没有确切的指明龙花是什么。文章通过对本草记载、现代药理研究和语音语义分析,并根据《证类本草》中"产西南诸国"的记载赴云南省和国外缅甸联邦共和国进行实地调研。本研究认为南药龙花是藤黄科植物铁力木Mesua ferrea的花药。铁力木花是我国少数民族传统医学,尤其是维医和傣医的常用药,其民族语意思也为"龙花",藏医以锦葵科植物木棉Bombax ceiba的花丝作为龙花入药,但藏传佛教和部分藏医本草著作中的龙花描述更近似于铁力木。铁力木花药是缅甸联邦共和国重要的文化植物和传统药物,其巴利语名称含义也为"龙花"。
The Nanyao"Long-hua(Dragon Flower) ",which could be traced to the"Nagakesara"in"Suvarna Prabhasa Uttama Raja Sutra"in Tang dynasty,was recorded in the herbal book"Zheng-Lei-Ben-Cao(Classified Materia Medica) "in Song Dynasty. The records of Long-hua were ignored in herbal books while they appeared frequently in Buddhist Sutras. It was not sure that what plant was the original plant of Long-hua. In the present study,we carried the herbal textual research of Long-hua with phonological and semantic analysis,and traditional and pharmacological herbal literatures. Meanwhile,we carried the field survey in Yunnan Province and Republic of the Union of Myanmar,which were the possible origin places of Long-hua,according to"Zheng-Lei-Ben-Cao". As a result,we concluded that Long-hua was the anthers of the flowers of Mesua ferrea(Guttiferae). The flower of Mesua ferrea was one of the important medicine in Traditional Dai and Uygur Medicine with the meanings of"Dragon Flower". The filaments of Bombax ceiba(Malvaceae) was used as Long-hua in Traditional Tibetan Medicine while the describe of Long-hua was more similar as Mesua ferrea in some Tibetan Buddhist Sutras and herbal books. In Republic of the Union of Myanmar,Mesua ferrea was named as Nagakashara in Pali and used as one of the most important culture and medicinal plants of the country.
The Nanyao"Long-hua(Dragon Flower) ",which could be traced to the"Nagakesara"in"Suvarna Prabhasa Uttama Raja Sutra"in Tang dynasty,was recorded in the herbal book"Zheng-Lei-Ben-Cao(Classified Materia Medica) "in Song Dynasty. The records of Long-hua were ignored in herbal books while they appeared frequently in Buddhist Sutras. It was not sure that what plant was the original plant of Long-hua. In the present study,we carried the herbal textual research of Long-hua with phonological and semantic analysis,and traditional and pharmacological herbal literatures. Meanwhile,we carried the field survey in Yunnan Province and Republic of the Union of Myanmar,which were the possible origin places of Long-hua,according to"Zheng-Lei-Ben-Cao". As a result,we concluded that Long-hua was the anthers of the flowers of Mesua ferrea(Guttiferae). The flower of Mesua ferrea was one of the important medicine in Traditional Dai and Uygur Medicine with the meanings of"Dragon Flower". The filaments of Bombax ceiba(Malvaceae) was used as Long-hua in Traditional Tibetan Medicine while the describe of Long-hua was more similar as Mesua ferrea in some Tibetan Buddhist Sutras and herbal books. In Republic of the Union of Myanmar,Mesua ferrea was named as Nagakashara in Pali and used as one of the most important culture and medicinal plants of the country.
引文
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[21] Molvray. A glossary of Tibetan medicinal plants[J].Dharamshala:The Library of Tibetan Works&Archives,1988(11):59.
[22] Tianhong Li,Dongdong Zhang,Thaung Naing Oo,et al.Investigation on the Antibacterial and Anti-T3SS Activi-ty of Traditional Myanmar Medicinal Plants[J]. Evi-dence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine,2018:2812908
[2](宋)唐慎微.证类本草[M].北京:华夏出版社,1993.
[3]郑张尚芳.上古音系[M].上海:上海教育出版社,2003.
[4](唐)义净三藏.金光明最勝王經[M].福智之聲出版社,1993.
[5]陈明.印度梵文医典《医理精华》研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2014.
[6]“The Plant List”. The Plant List. Missouri Botanical Gar-den. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew[EB/OL]. http://www. theplantlist. org/
[7]中国科学院中国植物志委员会.中国植物志[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[8]帝玛尔·丹增彭措,毛继祖.晶珠本草[M]. 2012.
[9]国家中医药管理局《中华本草》编委会.中华本草(藏药卷)[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2002.
[10]罗伯特比尔.藏传佛教象征符号与器物图解[M].北京:中国藏学出版社,2014.
[11]国家中医药管理局《中华本草》编委会.中华本草(维吾尔药卷)[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2005.
[12]国家中医药管理局《中华本草》编委会.中华本草(傣药卷)[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2005.
[13]张雪萝.佛教的“五树六花”[J].中国花卉盆景,2011(6):26-28.
[14] Sawyer et al. Adictionary of Medicinal Plants in Eleven Lan-guage(in Burmese)[M]. Skcc Myanmar Book,2016.
[15]段成式.酉阳杂俎[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2012.
[16]国家中医药管理局《中华本草》编委会.中华本草[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2009.
[17] Kyaw Soe and Tin Myo Ngwe. Medicinal Plants of Myan-mar[M]. Forest Resource Environment Development&Conservation Association,2004.
[18]艾力克木·吐尔逊,热娜·卡斯木,王金辉,等.维药铁力木的生药学特征及其不同萃取部位抗血小板聚集作用研究[J].新疆医科大学学报,2014(6):678-681.
[19] Sikder M A A,Kaisar M A,Parvez M M,et al. Prelimi-nary Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Leaf Ex-tracts of Mesua nagassarium[J]. Boletin Latinoamerica-no Y Del Caribe De Plantas Medicinales Y Aromaticas,2011,10(1):83-87.
[20]戴支凯,程训佳.呫吨酮类化合物的抗肿瘤研究进展[J].中国药学杂志,2010,45(22):1701-1703.
[21] Molvray. A glossary of Tibetan medicinal plants[J].Dharamshala:The Library of Tibetan Works&Archives,1988(11):59.
[22] Tianhong Li,Dongdong Zhang,Thaung Naing Oo,et al.Investigation on the Antibacterial and Anti-T3SS Activi-ty of Traditional Myanmar Medicinal Plants[J]. Evi-dence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine,2018:2812908