子女随迁的乡—城流动人口家庭社会融入——以浙江金华市区为例
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摘要
以子女随迁的乡—城流动人口家庭为对象,基于2016年金华市区问卷调研数据,采用主成分分析和多元线性回归分析方法,辅以访谈数据,探讨其社会融入水平及其影响因素。研究发现:此类流动人口家庭的社会融入主要涉及子女教育、经济适应和心理融入3个维度,社会融入度总体处于中等水平,子女教育融入度最高,其次是经济适应,而心理融入度最低,且各维度内部差异较大。子女教育融入度虽高,但也存在难以进入公办学校的困境,缺乏自主选择学校的权利。政策层面虽降低了对流动人口的准入门槛,但在执行中由于资源有限、供需不匹配和宣传不到位等原因,福利制度仍以本地居民为主,流动家庭难以平等享受福利保障,造成严重的本外差异,心理融入度低。个人层面的性别和受教育程度,经济层面的职业和收入,教育层面的学校类型和教育支出等对社会融入均有显著影响。综合来看,与个体流动相比,子女随迁的家庭化迁移对流入地的需求更加多样化和复杂化,能否较好地提升子女受教育水平是其融入城市的首要考量,其次是经济和心理层面因素。
Along with the rapid development of urbanization, the migration mode of floating populations has gradually shifted from "individual migration" to "family migration." In 2014, the National New-type Urbanization Plan put forward the strategic goal of "promoting people-oriented urbanization" and encouraging the orderly citizenization of rural migrant workers. In this context, the family migration of rural-urban migrants and their social integration after entering a city have attracted considerable attention. Thus, based on data from the floating population survey conducted in Jinhua City in 2016, this paper refers to rural-urban migrant families with migrant children as the research subject and explores their social integration level and influencing factors quantitatively through principal component and multiple linear regression models. First, social integration of rural-urban migrant families with migrant children has three dimensions: children's education, economic adaptation, and psychological integration. For these families, whether their children can obtain a solid education is the primary consideration for their integration into a city, followed by their economic conditions and psychological levels. Family-based floating population groups have more diversified needs for social integration into inflow cities than populaces characterized by individual mobility. Second, the degree of social integration of families is only at the medium level; thus, the quality of integration needs to be improved. The integration degree in terms of children's education is the highest, followed by economic adaptation; further, the degree of psychological integration is the lowest, and there are pronounced differences among the dimensions. Jinhua City focuses especially on the education of migrant families' children. Relevant policies ensure that these children are educated, so their education integration level is relatively high. However, migrant families face difficulties in accessing public schools, as they are not able to choose schools. In terms of the social welfare system-although policy-making has lowered the threshold of access for the floating population-limited resources, a mismatch between supply and demand, inadequate publicity, and other reasons may mean that the welfare system still gives priority to local residents in terms of implementation. It is difficult for migrant families to enjoy equal welfare protection, resulting in serious differences between local and non-local people and a low degree of psychological integration. Third, in terms of influencing factors, female gender and high education levels as personal characteristics, professional skills, personal services, and higher income factors(economic level) have a positive and significant impact on the degree of social integration, reflecting the role of human capital therein. Types of schools and educational expenditures(educational level) also have a significant impact on social integration. Housing conditions and length of residence are not the main factors affecting the social integration of such families. Findings indicate that families still give primary consideration to children's education, and housing conditions is less important than children's educational needs.
Along with the rapid development of urbanization, the migration mode of floating populations has gradually shifted from "individual migration" to "family migration." In 2014, the National New-type Urbanization Plan put forward the strategic goal of "promoting people-oriented urbanization" and encouraging the orderly citizenization of rural migrant workers. In this context, the family migration of rural-urban migrants and their social integration after entering a city have attracted considerable attention. Thus, based on data from the floating population survey conducted in Jinhua City in 2016, this paper refers to rural-urban migrant families with migrant children as the research subject and explores their social integration level and influencing factors quantitatively through principal component and multiple linear regression models. First, social integration of rural-urban migrant families with migrant children has three dimensions: children's education, economic adaptation, and psychological integration. For these families, whether their children can obtain a solid education is the primary consideration for their integration into a city, followed by their economic conditions and psychological levels. Family-based floating population groups have more diversified needs for social integration into inflow cities than populaces characterized by individual mobility. Second, the degree of social integration of families is only at the medium level; thus, the quality of integration needs to be improved. The integration degree in terms of children's education is the highest, followed by economic adaptation; further, the degree of psychological integration is the lowest, and there are pronounced differences among the dimensions. Jinhua City focuses especially on the education of migrant families' children. Relevant policies ensure that these children are educated, so their education integration level is relatively high. However, migrant families face difficulties in accessing public schools, as they are not able to choose schools. In terms of the social welfare system-although policy-making has lowered the threshold of access for the floating population-limited resources, a mismatch between supply and demand, inadequate publicity, and other reasons may mean that the welfare system still gives priority to local residents in terms of implementation. It is difficult for migrant families to enjoy equal welfare protection, resulting in serious differences between local and non-local people and a low degree of psychological integration. Third, in terms of influencing factors, female gender and high education levels as personal characteristics, professional skills, personal services, and higher income factors(economic level) have a positive and significant impact on the degree of social integration, reflecting the role of human capital therein. Types of schools and educational expenditures(educational level) also have a significant impact on social integration. Housing conditions and length of residence are not the main factors affecting the social integration of such families. Findings indicate that families still give primary consideration to children's education, and housing conditions is less important than children's educational needs.
引文
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(1)本文流动人口的概念以国家统计局发布的为准。流动人口是指人户分离人口中扣除市辖区内人户分离的人口(市辖区内人户分离的人口是指一个直辖市或地级市所辖区内和区与区之间,居住地和户口登记地不在同一乡镇街道的人口)。即流动人口包含乡—城流动和城—城流动。文中未明确表示类别的,则包含两类流动人口。
(2)数据来源:《金华市城市总体规划(2006—2020)实施评估:人口与城镇化专题报告》,深圳市城市规划设计研究院,2015年8月。
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(1)本文流动人口的概念以国家统计局发布的为准。流动人口是指人户分离人口中扣除市辖区内人户分离的人口(市辖区内人户分离的人口是指一个直辖市或地级市所辖区内和区与区之间,居住地和户口登记地不在同一乡镇街道的人口)。即流动人口包含乡—城流动和城—城流动。文中未明确表示类别的,则包含两类流动人口。
(2)数据来源:《金华市城市总体规划(2006—2020)实施评估:人口与城镇化专题报告》,深圳市城市规划设计研究院,2015年8月。