明清时期江南私家园林景点题名中的竹文化研究
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摘要
中国古典园林中竹文化的研究对于弘扬我国优秀传统文化和提升现代园林中竹景观的文化内涵都具有重要意义,现有研究主要集中在竹的空间营造、种植形式等方面,而从品题学角度对传统私家园林中的竹文化系统研究得还比较薄弱。以明清时期江南私家园林的景点题名为研究对象,采用文献查询和实地调研相结合的方法,对江南园林中的竹景点、常见题名意象及其所表达的精神内涵进行研究。结果表明明清时期竹在江南私家园林景点题名中应用非常普遍,常见的题名意象主要表达了道家的隐逸思想、儒家的比德思想、佛教的心无思想和民俗吉祥思想。从中可以看出,明清时期文人阶层天人合一的哲学观、三教并存的宗教观和雅俗共赏的审美观。
The study of bamboo culture in Chinese classical gardens is of great significance for carrying forward the excellent Chinese traditional culture and enhancing the cultural connotation of bamboo landscape in modern parks. While existing researches mainly focus on bamboo space construction and planting forms, there is few systematic study on bamboo culture in traditional private gardens from the evaluation perspective. This paper examines the naming of scenic spots of private gardens in the Ming and Qing dynasties in regions south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Based on literature review and field investigation, it probes into the bamboo landscapes, common title images, and the expressed spiritual connotations in these gardens. The result shows that bamboo was widely used in the naming of scenic spots of private gardens under review. The common images of the titles mainly expressed the recluse thought of Taoism, the moral comparison of Confucianism, the meditation of emptiness of Buddhism, and the folk auspicious thought. It reveals the philosophical view of the unity of nature and man among the literati, the religious view of the coexistence of the three religions, and the aesthetics suiting both refined and popular tastes in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
The study of bamboo culture in Chinese classical gardens is of great significance for carrying forward the excellent Chinese traditional culture and enhancing the cultural connotation of bamboo landscape in modern parks. While existing researches mainly focus on bamboo space construction and planting forms, there is few systematic study on bamboo culture in traditional private gardens from the evaluation perspective. This paper examines the naming of scenic spots of private gardens in the Ming and Qing dynasties in regions south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Based on literature review and field investigation, it probes into the bamboo landscapes, common title images, and the expressed spiritual connotations in these gardens. The result shows that bamboo was widely used in the naming of scenic spots of private gardens under review. The common images of the titles mainly expressed the recluse thought of Taoism, the moral comparison of Confucianism, the meditation of emptiness of Buddhism, and the folk auspicious thought. It reveals the philosophical view of the unity of nature and man among the literati, the religious view of the coexistence of the three religions, and the aesthetics suiting both refined and popular tastes in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
引文
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(1)本文有关明清时期江南私家园林“园记”的内容除特殊标注外,均引自以下2部专著:赵厚均,杨鉴生.历代园林图文精选(第三辑)[M].上海:同济大学出版社,2005.和杨光辉.历代园林图文精选(第四辑)[M].上海:同济大学出版社,2005。
(2)表格由作者统计制作。
[2]中国建筑工业出版社.文人园林建筑[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010:2.
[3]顾凯.明代江南园林研究[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2010:94.
[4]余开亮.六朝园林美学[M].重庆:重庆出版社,2007:161.
[5]何明,廖国强.中国竹文化[M].北京:人民出版社,2007:347.
[6]刘海燕,吕文明.竹林隐逸风:论竹的环境意象之一[J].世界竹藤通讯,2006(3):44.
[7]金学智.中国园林美学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005:365.
[8]胡家祥.审美学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2000:32.
[9]陈从周.中国园林鉴赏辞典[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2001:80-81.
[10]陈从周,蒋启霆.园综下册[M].上海:同济大学出版社,2011:136.
[11]程杰.梅文化论丛[M].北京:中华书局,2007:37.
[12]刘海燕.竹林禅韵:论竹的环境意象之一[J].世界竹藤通讯,2008(4):46.
[13]刘克苏.中国佛教史话[M].河北:河北大学出版社,1999:25.
[14]居阅时.庭院深处:苏州园林的文化内涵[M].北京:生活.读书.新知三联出版社,2006:142.
[15]黄晓,程炜,刘珊珊.消失的园林:明代常州止园[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2017:66.
[16]衣学领.苏州园林历代文钞[M].上海:上海三联书店,2008:263.
[17]王玉宝.试论中国传统吉祥观[J].内蒙古农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004(2):65.
[18]钟敬文.中国民俗史[M].北京:人民出版社,2008:2.
[19]杨晓东.明清民居与文人园林中花文化的比较研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2011:145.
[20]刘庭风.中国古园林之旅[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004:67.
[21]曹林娣.苏州园林楹联匾额鉴赏[M].北京:华夏出版社,1999:44.
(1)本文有关明清时期江南私家园林“园记”的内容除特殊标注外,均引自以下2部专著:赵厚均,杨鉴生.历代园林图文精选(第三辑)[M].上海:同济大学出版社,2005.和杨光辉.历代园林图文精选(第四辑)[M].上海:同济大学出版社,2005。
(2)表格由作者统计制作。