自动基流分割方法在黄土高原昕水河流域适用性分析
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摘要
【目的】昕水河流域是晋西北黄土高原重点流域内的代表性河流,是黄土高原水土流失最严重的地区之一。在黄土高原昕水河流域选择适宜的基流分割方法十分重要。【方法】本文以黄土高原昕水河流域大宁水文站1956—2014年实测径流资料为基础,采用目前国内外普遍采用的4类8种自动基流分割方法进行基流分割,包括数字滤波法(Lyne-Hollick滤波法(DF one)和Eckhardt滤波法(DF two))、基流指数法(标准法和改进法)、时间步长法(固定时间间隔法、滑动时间间隔法、局部最小值法)和PART法,并利用Nash-Sutcliffe系数(E值)和平均相对误差法(MRE值)对基流分割结果进行评价,并通过基流指数特征值和流量过程线,分析不同基流分割方法在昕水河流域的适用性。【结果】DF one(0. 925,3次)的准确度更高(E=0. 76,MRE=1. 24%),所分割基流过程线较为平滑,能够较好的反映出昕水河流域流量过程线退水段的物理规律。【结论】应用DF one(0. 925,3次)对昕水河流域进行基流分割是一种稳定可靠的方法。昕水河流域多年基流量平均值为0. 45亿m3,多年平均基流指数为0. 366。
[Objective]Xinshui River is a representative river in the key watershed of the Loess Plateau in northern China and is one of the most serious soil erosion areas in this area. Selecting a suitable baseflow separation method is very important in Xinshui River Basin in the Loess Plateau. [Method]In this paper,based on the actual daily runoff data from 1956 to 2014,with digital filtering methods( LyneHollick method( DF one) and Eckhardt method( DF two),baseflow index method( BFI),time step method( HYSEP method),and PART method,the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient and the mean relative error method( MRE) were used to compare and evaluate the data. The suitability of different baseflowseparation methods in Xinshui River Basin was analyzed from the perspective of the multi-year baseflow index,the stability of the baseflow index and baseflow process line. [Result]The results indicated that baseflow was evaluated using the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient and MRE value,and the accuracy of DF one method( 0. 925,3 times) was higher( E = 0. 76,MRE = 1. 24%). The digital filtering method was the most stable method to estimate baseflow index. [Conclusion]The application of DF one method( 0. 925,3 times) was a relatively stable and reliable method for the baseflow separation in Xinshui River Basin in the Loess Plateau. The average annual baseflow rate of Xinshui River Basin was 0. 045 billion m3 and perennial average baseflow index was 0. 366.
[Objective]Xinshui River is a representative river in the key watershed of the Loess Plateau in northern China and is one of the most serious soil erosion areas in this area. Selecting a suitable baseflow separation method is very important in Xinshui River Basin in the Loess Plateau. [Method]In this paper,based on the actual daily runoff data from 1956 to 2014,with digital filtering methods( LyneHollick method( DF one) and Eckhardt method( DF two),baseflow index method( BFI),time step method( HYSEP method),and PART method,the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient and the mean relative error method( MRE) were used to compare and evaluate the data. The suitability of different baseflowseparation methods in Xinshui River Basin was analyzed from the perspective of the multi-year baseflow index,the stability of the baseflow index and baseflow process line. [Result]The results indicated that baseflow was evaluated using the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient and MRE value,and the accuracy of DF one method( 0. 925,3 times) was higher( E = 0. 76,MRE = 1. 24%). The digital filtering method was the most stable method to estimate baseflow index. [Conclusion]The application of DF one method( 0. 925,3 times) was a relatively stable and reliable method for the baseflow separation in Xinshui River Basin in the Loess Plateau. The average annual baseflow rate of Xinshui River Basin was 0. 045 billion m3 and perennial average baseflow index was 0. 366.
引文
[1]陈利群,刘昌明,李发东.基流研究综述[J].地理科学进展,2006,25(1):1-15.Chen L Q,Liu C M,Li F D. Reviews on base flow researches[J]. Progress in Geography,2006,25(1):1--15.
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[3]徐磊磊,刘敬林,金昌杰,等.水文过程的基流分割方法研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(11):3073--3080.Xu L L,Liu J L,Jin C J,et al. Baseflow separation methods in hydrological process research:a review[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(11):3073--3080.
[4] Wittenberg H. Baseflow recession and recharge as nonlinear storage processes[J]. Hydrological Processes,2015,13(5):715-726.
[5] Buttle J M. Isotope hydrograph separations and rapid delivery of pre-event water from drainage basins[J]. Progress in Physical Geography,1994,18(1):16-41.
[6] Eckhardt K. How to construct recursive digital filters for baseflow separation[J]. Hydrological Processes,2005,19(2):507-515.
[7]党素珍,王中根,刘昌明.黑河上游地区基流分割及其变化特征分析[J].资源科学,2011,33(12):2232-2237.Dang S Z,Wang Z G,Liu C M. Baseflow separation and its characteristics in the upper reaches of the Heihe River Basin[J].Resources Science,2011,33(12):2232--2237.
[8]郭军庭,张志强,王盛萍,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域基流特点及其影响因子分析[J].水土保持通报,2011,31(1):87-92.Guo J T,Zhang Z Q,Wang S P,et al. Features of baseflow and its influencing factors for small watersheds in Loess hilly and gully region[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,31(1):87-92.
[9]林凯荣,陈晓宏,江涛,等.数字滤波进行基流分割的应用研究[J].水力发电,2008,34(6):28--30,88.Lin K R,Chen X H,Jiang T,et al. Application and study on base flow separation using digital filters[J]. Water Power,2008,34(6):28--30,88.
[10]张革,刘德富,宋林旭,等.不同基流分割方法在香溪河流域的应用对比研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2013,22(2):164-171.Zhang G,Liu D F,Song L X,et al. Comparative research on the application of different baseflow separation methods in the Xiangxi River Watershed[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2013,22(2):164-171.
[11] Rutledge A T. Computer programs for describing the recession of ground-water discharge and for estimating mean ground-water recharge and discharge from streamflow records-update[R]∥USGS Water-resources Investigations Report 98-4148. Lemoyne:USGS,1998.
[12] Sloto R A, Crouse M Y. HYSEP:a computer program for streamflow hydrograph separation and analysis[R]∥Water Resources Investigations Report 96-4040. Lemoyne:USGS,1996.
[13]董晓华,邓霞,薄会娟,等.平滑最小值法与数字滤波法在流域径流分割中的应用比较[J].三峡大学学报(自然科学版),2010,32(2):1--4.Dong X H,Deng X,Bo H J,et al. A comparison between smoothed minima and digital filtering methods applied to catchment baseflow separation[J]. Journal of China Three Gorges University(Natural Sciences),2010,32(2):1-4.
[14]于艺鹏,杨亚辉,蔺鹏飞,等.自动基流分割法在北洛河流域的适宜性对比[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(2):302-307.Yu Y P,Yang Y H,Lin P F,et al. Comparison of suitability among automatic baseflow separation methods for separating baseflow in Beiluo River Basin[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,23(2):302-307.
[15]王雁林,王文科,钱云平,等.黄河河川基流量演化规律及其驱动因子探讨[J].自然资源学报,2008,23(3):479-486.Wang Y L,Wang W K,Qian Y P,et al. Change characteristics and driving forces of base flow of Yellow River Basin[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2008,23(3):479--486.
[16]刘昌明,成立.黄河干流下游断流的径流序列分析[J].地理学报,2000,55(3):257-265.Liu C M,Cheng L. Analysis on runoff series with special reference to drying up courses of Lower Huanghe River[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2000,55(3):257-265.
[17]刘昌明,张学成.黄河干流实际来水量不断减少的成因分析[J].地理学报,2004,59(3):323-330.Liu C M, Zhang X C. Causal analysis on actual water flow reduction in the mainstream of the Yellow River[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(3):323-330.
[18] Institute of Hydrology. Low flow studies[R]. Wallingford:Institute of Hydrology,1980:12--19.
[19] Nathan R J,Mcmahon T A. Evaluation of automated techniques for base-flow and recession analyses[J]. Water Resources Research,1990,26(7):1465--1473.
[20]周星,沈忱,倪广恒,等.结合退水曲线的数字滤波基流分割方法[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2017,57(3):318-323,330.Zhou X,Shen C,Ni G H,et al. Digital filter baseflow separation method based on a master recession curve[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology)2017,57(3):318-323,330.
[21] Eckhardt K. A comparison of baseflow indices, which were calculated with seven different baseflow separation methods[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,352(1/2):168--173.
[22] Smakhtin V U. Low flow hydrology:a review[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2001,240(3/4):147--186.
[23] Nash J E,Sutcliffe J V. River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I:a discussion of principles[J]. Journal of Hydrology,1970,10(3):282--290.
[24] Mei Y W,Anagnostou E N. A hydrograph separation method based on information from rainfall and runoff records[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2015,523:636--649.
[25]豆林,黄明斌.自动基流分割方法在黄土区流域的应用研究[J].水土保持通报,2010,30(3):107-111,133.Dou L,Huang M B. Applied study of baseflow separation methods in watersheds of Loess Plateau[J] Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,30(3):107--111,133.
[26] Zheng M G. Estimation of base flow using flow-sediment relationships in the Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Catena,2015,125:129-134.
[27] Zheng M G,Yang J S,Qi D L,et al. Flow-sediment relationship as functions of spatial and temporal scales in hilly areas of the Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Catena,2012,98:29-40.
[2]黄锡荃.水文学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1993.Huang X Q. Hydrology[M]. Beijing:Higher Education Press,1993.
[3]徐磊磊,刘敬林,金昌杰,等.水文过程的基流分割方法研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(11):3073--3080.Xu L L,Liu J L,Jin C J,et al. Baseflow separation methods in hydrological process research:a review[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(11):3073--3080.
[4] Wittenberg H. Baseflow recession and recharge as nonlinear storage processes[J]. Hydrological Processes,2015,13(5):715-726.
[5] Buttle J M. Isotope hydrograph separations and rapid delivery of pre-event water from drainage basins[J]. Progress in Physical Geography,1994,18(1):16-41.
[6] Eckhardt K. How to construct recursive digital filters for baseflow separation[J]. Hydrological Processes,2005,19(2):507-515.
[7]党素珍,王中根,刘昌明.黑河上游地区基流分割及其变化特征分析[J].资源科学,2011,33(12):2232-2237.Dang S Z,Wang Z G,Liu C M. Baseflow separation and its characteristics in the upper reaches of the Heihe River Basin[J].Resources Science,2011,33(12):2232--2237.
[8]郭军庭,张志强,王盛萍,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域基流特点及其影响因子分析[J].水土保持通报,2011,31(1):87-92.Guo J T,Zhang Z Q,Wang S P,et al. Features of baseflow and its influencing factors for small watersheds in Loess hilly and gully region[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,31(1):87-92.
[9]林凯荣,陈晓宏,江涛,等.数字滤波进行基流分割的应用研究[J].水力发电,2008,34(6):28--30,88.Lin K R,Chen X H,Jiang T,et al. Application and study on base flow separation using digital filters[J]. Water Power,2008,34(6):28--30,88.
[10]张革,刘德富,宋林旭,等.不同基流分割方法在香溪河流域的应用对比研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2013,22(2):164-171.Zhang G,Liu D F,Song L X,et al. Comparative research on the application of different baseflow separation methods in the Xiangxi River Watershed[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2013,22(2):164-171.
[11] Rutledge A T. Computer programs for describing the recession of ground-water discharge and for estimating mean ground-water recharge and discharge from streamflow records-update[R]∥USGS Water-resources Investigations Report 98-4148. Lemoyne:USGS,1998.
[12] Sloto R A, Crouse M Y. HYSEP:a computer program for streamflow hydrograph separation and analysis[R]∥Water Resources Investigations Report 96-4040. Lemoyne:USGS,1996.
[13]董晓华,邓霞,薄会娟,等.平滑最小值法与数字滤波法在流域径流分割中的应用比较[J].三峡大学学报(自然科学版),2010,32(2):1--4.Dong X H,Deng X,Bo H J,et al. A comparison between smoothed minima and digital filtering methods applied to catchment baseflow separation[J]. Journal of China Three Gorges University(Natural Sciences),2010,32(2):1-4.
[14]于艺鹏,杨亚辉,蔺鹏飞,等.自动基流分割法在北洛河流域的适宜性对比[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(2):302-307.Yu Y P,Yang Y H,Lin P F,et al. Comparison of suitability among automatic baseflow separation methods for separating baseflow in Beiluo River Basin[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,23(2):302-307.
[15]王雁林,王文科,钱云平,等.黄河河川基流量演化规律及其驱动因子探讨[J].自然资源学报,2008,23(3):479-486.Wang Y L,Wang W K,Qian Y P,et al. Change characteristics and driving forces of base flow of Yellow River Basin[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2008,23(3):479--486.
[16]刘昌明,成立.黄河干流下游断流的径流序列分析[J].地理学报,2000,55(3):257-265.Liu C M,Cheng L. Analysis on runoff series with special reference to drying up courses of Lower Huanghe River[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2000,55(3):257-265.
[17]刘昌明,张学成.黄河干流实际来水量不断减少的成因分析[J].地理学报,2004,59(3):323-330.Liu C M, Zhang X C. Causal analysis on actual water flow reduction in the mainstream of the Yellow River[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(3):323-330.
[18] Institute of Hydrology. Low flow studies[R]. Wallingford:Institute of Hydrology,1980:12--19.
[19] Nathan R J,Mcmahon T A. Evaluation of automated techniques for base-flow and recession analyses[J]. Water Resources Research,1990,26(7):1465--1473.
[20]周星,沈忱,倪广恒,等.结合退水曲线的数字滤波基流分割方法[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2017,57(3):318-323,330.Zhou X,Shen C,Ni G H,et al. Digital filter baseflow separation method based on a master recession curve[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology)2017,57(3):318-323,330.
[21] Eckhardt K. A comparison of baseflow indices, which were calculated with seven different baseflow separation methods[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,352(1/2):168--173.
[22] Smakhtin V U. Low flow hydrology:a review[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2001,240(3/4):147--186.
[23] Nash J E,Sutcliffe J V. River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I:a discussion of principles[J]. Journal of Hydrology,1970,10(3):282--290.
[24] Mei Y W,Anagnostou E N. A hydrograph separation method based on information from rainfall and runoff records[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2015,523:636--649.
[25]豆林,黄明斌.自动基流分割方法在黄土区流域的应用研究[J].水土保持通报,2010,30(3):107-111,133.Dou L,Huang M B. Applied study of baseflow separation methods in watersheds of Loess Plateau[J] Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,30(3):107--111,133.
[26] Zheng M G. Estimation of base flow using flow-sediment relationships in the Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Catena,2015,125:129-134.
[27] Zheng M G,Yang J S,Qi D L,et al. Flow-sediment relationship as functions of spatial and temporal scales in hilly areas of the Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Catena,2012,98:29-40.