清末民初中国传统工艺的价值演变
|
摘要
清末民初中国近代工业起步之时,传统工艺作为古老的"营生",一方面面临西方工业技术强势输入的冲击,表现出萎缩、消亡的濒危状态;另一方面,它仍是社会民生普遍依赖的经济、技术与文化载体,理应具有相应的存续和发展空间。当时的有识之士注意到传统工艺面临的这种尴尬处境,在主张发展机器工业的前提下,他们反对放任传统工艺的衰颓之势,并从经济、技术、知识、社会角色和文化视角阐释了传统工艺的新价值,探索传统工艺如何进入现代社会的思想方案。
When the industrialization of modern China started in late Qing and early Republican China,traditional crafts,as an ancient way to make a living,suffered from the impact of industrial technology,showing endangered state of waning and disappearing. At the same time,it was still the economic,technical and cultural carrier that the common people were generally dependent on,and it should have obtained corresponding space for survival and development. At that time,people of insight realized the embarrassing situation of traditional crafts. On the premise of advocating industrialization,they opposed the deterioration of traditional crafts. Above all,from the perspectives of economy,technology,education,social role and culture,they gave new interpretation of the value of traditional crafts and indicated how traditional crafts can enter the ideas of modern society.
When the industrialization of modern China started in late Qing and early Republican China,traditional crafts,as an ancient way to make a living,suffered from the impact of industrial technology,showing endangered state of waning and disappearing. At the same time,it was still the economic,technical and cultural carrier that the common people were generally dependent on,and it should have obtained corresponding space for survival and development. At that time,people of insight realized the embarrassing situation of traditional crafts. On the premise of advocating industrialization,they opposed the deterioration of traditional crafts. Above all,from the perspectives of economy,technology,education,social role and culture,they gave new interpretation of the value of traditional crafts and indicated how traditional crafts can enter the ideas of modern society.
引文
[1]王翔.中国近代手工业史稿[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2012:111-118.
[2][日]柳宗悦.工艺之道[M].徐艺乙,译.桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2011:18.
[3]郑大华.采西学议-冯桂芬马建忠集[M].沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,1994.
[4]郑大华.新政真铨-何启胡礼垣集[M].沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,1994.
[5][英]亚当·斯密.原富(下)[M].严复,译.北京:商务印书馆,1981.
[6]伧父.工艺杂志序[J].东方杂志,1918(4):8-9.
[7]赵树贵,曾丽雅.陈炽集[M].北京:中华书局,1997.
[8]夏东元.郑观应集上册[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1982.
[9]吴振清,徐勇,王家祥.黄遵宪集下卷[M].天津:天津人民出版社,2003:548.
[10]丁凤麟,王欣之.薛福成选集[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1987.
[11]罗炳良.张之洞劝学篇[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002.
[12][清]刘师培.刘师培学术论著[M].杭州:浙江人民出版社,1998.
[13]陈奇.刘师培年谱长编[M].贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2007.
[14]梁启超.论女学[N].时务报,1897-4-12/5-2.
[15]何张亚振.妇女与实业(节录)[J].妇女时报,1913(9):1-5.
[16]傅梦兰.妇女实业宜速筹改良之方法论[J].妇女时报,1913(10):3-6.
[17]林逸婨.论说:女子工艺不可废绣论[J].妇女杂志(上海),1915(4):11-12.
[18]林逸婨.美术家庭职业刺绣学[J].妇女杂志(上海),1915(9):1-4.(10):1-3.(11):1-5.(12):1-2.
[19]黄宾虹.四巧工传[J].国粹学报,1909(7):38-41.
[20]许衍灼.中国工艺沿革史略[M].上海:上海商务印书馆,1917:2.
[21]曹振中,孟菁苇.蠖公纪事-朱启钤先生生平纪实[M].北京:中国文史出版社,1991:28.
[22]王世襄.髹饰录解说[M].北京:文物出版社,1983.
[23]杨欢.营造论-暨朱启钤纪念文选[M].天津:天津大学出版社,2009.
[24]费孝通.费孝通学术论著自选集[M].北京:北京师范学院出版社,1992:53.
(1)图中“11种手工业品的出口贸易值”数据来源于彭泽益.中国近代手工业史资料(1840-1949)第二卷[M].北京:中华书局,1957:54-56.
(2)图中“对外贸易出口总值”数据来源于姚贤镐编.中国近代对外贸易史资料(1840-1895)第三册[M].北京:中华书局,出版年代不详:1614-1617.
[2][日]柳宗悦.工艺之道[M].徐艺乙,译.桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2011:18.
[3]郑大华.采西学议-冯桂芬马建忠集[M].沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,1994.
[4]郑大华.新政真铨-何启胡礼垣集[M].沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,1994.
[5][英]亚当·斯密.原富(下)[M].严复,译.北京:商务印书馆,1981.
[6]伧父.工艺杂志序[J].东方杂志,1918(4):8-9.
[7]赵树贵,曾丽雅.陈炽集[M].北京:中华书局,1997.
[8]夏东元.郑观应集上册[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1982.
[9]吴振清,徐勇,王家祥.黄遵宪集下卷[M].天津:天津人民出版社,2003:548.
[10]丁凤麟,王欣之.薛福成选集[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1987.
[11]罗炳良.张之洞劝学篇[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002.
[12][清]刘师培.刘师培学术论著[M].杭州:浙江人民出版社,1998.
[13]陈奇.刘师培年谱长编[M].贵阳:贵州人民出版社,2007.
[14]梁启超.论女学[N].时务报,1897-4-12/5-2.
[15]何张亚振.妇女与实业(节录)[J].妇女时报,1913(9):1-5.
[16]傅梦兰.妇女实业宜速筹改良之方法论[J].妇女时报,1913(10):3-6.
[17]林逸婨.论说:女子工艺不可废绣论[J].妇女杂志(上海),1915(4):11-12.
[18]林逸婨.美术家庭职业刺绣学[J].妇女杂志(上海),1915(9):1-4.(10):1-3.(11):1-5.(12):1-2.
[19]黄宾虹.四巧工传[J].国粹学报,1909(7):38-41.
[20]许衍灼.中国工艺沿革史略[M].上海:上海商务印书馆,1917:2.
[21]曹振中,孟菁苇.蠖公纪事-朱启钤先生生平纪实[M].北京:中国文史出版社,1991:28.
[22]王世襄.髹饰录解说[M].北京:文物出版社,1983.
[23]杨欢.营造论-暨朱启钤纪念文选[M].天津:天津大学出版社,2009.
[24]费孝通.费孝通学术论著自选集[M].北京:北京师范学院出版社,1992:53.
(1)图中“11种手工业品的出口贸易值”数据来源于彭泽益.中国近代手工业史资料(1840-1949)第二卷[M].北京:中华书局,1957:54-56.
(2)图中“对外贸易出口总值”数据来源于姚贤镐编.中国近代对外贸易史资料(1840-1895)第三册[M].北京:中华书局,出版年代不详:1614-1617.