成对鲫游泳行为与标准代谢率的关系
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摘要
【目的】考察成对鲫(Carassius auratus)幼鱼的游泳行为与标准代谢率(Standard metabolic rate,SMR)的关系。【方法】在(25±0.5)℃条件下测定60尾鲫幼鱼的SMR并筛选出20尾高SMR个体和20尾低SMR个体,再将1尾高SMR和1尾低SMR个体进行随机组对,在行为观察装置中分别测定单尾鱼(两水箱中间有隔板)和成对鱼(两水箱中间无隔板,可见对方)在危险区域和安全区域的运动时间及频率、进入食物环1倍体长范围频率以及高SMR个体与低SMR个体相互追随的时间。测定工作进行两次,分别称为测定Ⅰ和测定Ⅱ。【结果】1)成对实验鱼之间的好斗频率与SMR个体差异不相关,不论是低SMR个体追随高SMR个体,还是高SMR个体追随低SMR个体,追随时间也均与SMR个体差异不相关。2)在实验水箱中间有隔板条件下,实验鱼不仅在安全区域的停留时间比明显高于在危险区域的停留时间比,而且静止时间比明显大于运动时间比,但取走隔板后实验鱼在两区域的停留时间比无明显差异,并且运动时间比大于静止时间比。3)不论中间有无隔板,单尾鱼于测定Ⅰ时在危险区域停留时间比、安全区域停留时间比、运动时间比及进入1倍体长范围食物环频率均与在测定Ⅱ时获得的对应指标呈正相关关系;除进入1倍体长范围食物环频率外,单尾鱼在中间有隔板的游泳行为特征数据与中间无隔板的游泳行为特征数据均呈正相关关系。【结论】SMR可能不是成对鲫幼鱼游泳行为中领导者的重要特质,但两者的视觉信息交流可改变两者的游泳行为特征,并且鲫幼鱼在不同实验条件下的游泳行为特征保持较高的重复性。
[Purposes]To investigate the relationship between the intraspecies differences in standard metabolic rate(SMR)and swimming behavior in the paired juvenile crucian carp(Carassius auratus).[Methods]A wide artificial feeding omnivorous juvenile crucian carp was used as the experimental object which were measured for SMR of 60 individuals at(25.0±0.5)℃.20 higher and 20 lower SMR individuals were selected as the experimental fish,and were paired randomly for 20 groups with each one including one high SMR and one low SMR individual.Each pair of fish was transferred into an observation apparatus with a board between two independent tanks and videoed for fish swimming behavior under the conditions of either having aplate or no plate between two tanks.All parameters were measured two times,which named test I and test II.[Findings]1)The aggressive frequency between two fish was not related to the difference of their SMR,and the following time was not related to individual difference in SMR.2)When there was a plate between two tanks,the percentage time spent on staying of the safe area was significantly higher than the risky area,and the static time percentage was greatly larger than the locomotion time percentage.When there was no clapboard between two tanks,there was no difference in standing time ratio between the two areas in each tank,and the locomotion time percentage was higher than the resting time percentage for fish.3)Whether there was a clapboard or not,the time spent on both risky area and safe area,and the frequency of entering food ring within the body length of fish in the test I was positively related with those of the test II.Except for the frequency of entering food ring within the body length range,there were positive correlations in characteristics of the swimming behavior of the single tailed fish between with a board or without a board.[Conclusions]The present study suggests that the SMR of juvenile crucian carp may not be an important characteristic of the leader during the paired swimming behavior.However,the swimming conditions of visual informantion communication can change the swimming behavior characteristics of fish,and the swimming behavior characteristics of fish under different experimental conditions remained a high repeatability.
[Purposes]To investigate the relationship between the intraspecies differences in standard metabolic rate(SMR)and swimming behavior in the paired juvenile crucian carp(Carassius auratus).[Methods]A wide artificial feeding omnivorous juvenile crucian carp was used as the experimental object which were measured for SMR of 60 individuals at(25.0±0.5)℃.20 higher and 20 lower SMR individuals were selected as the experimental fish,and were paired randomly for 20 groups with each one including one high SMR and one low SMR individual.Each pair of fish was transferred into an observation apparatus with a board between two independent tanks and videoed for fish swimming behavior under the conditions of either having aplate or no plate between two tanks.All parameters were measured two times,which named test I and test II.[Findings]1)The aggressive frequency between two fish was not related to the difference of their SMR,and the following time was not related to individual difference in SMR.2)When there was a plate between two tanks,the percentage time spent on staying of the safe area was significantly higher than the risky area,and the static time percentage was greatly larger than the locomotion time percentage.When there was no clapboard between two tanks,there was no difference in standing time ratio between the two areas in each tank,and the locomotion time percentage was higher than the resting time percentage for fish.3)Whether there was a clapboard or not,the time spent on both risky area and safe area,and the frequency of entering food ring within the body length of fish in the test I was positively related with those of the test II.Except for the frequency of entering food ring within the body length range,there were positive correlations in characteristics of the swimming behavior of the single tailed fish between with a board or without a board.[Conclusions]The present study suggests that the SMR of juvenile crucian carp may not be an important characteristic of the leader during the paired swimming behavior.However,the swimming conditions of visual informantion communication can change the swimming behavior characteristics of fish,and the swimming behavior characteristics of fish under different experimental conditions remained a high repeatability.
引文
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[18]彭韩柳依,曹振东,付世建.饥饿对鲫鱼幼鱼游泳能力的影响[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(10):2756-2760.PENG-HAN L Y,CAO Z D,FU S J.Effect of starvation on swimming performance of juvenile crucian carp[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2014,33(10):2756-2760.
[19]曾令清,付世建,曹振东.鲫(Carassius auratus)幼鱼标准代谢个体差异与力竭后代谢特征及行为的关联[J].生态学报,2016,36(6):1746-1755.ZENG L Q,FU S J,CAO Z D.Correlations between standard metabolic rate and metabolic characteristics after exhaustive exercise,and behavior in the juvenile crucian carp(Carassius auratus)[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(6):1746-1755.
[20]张曦,付世建,彭姜岚,等.急性低氧对鲫鱼幼鱼血液基础指标的影响[J].重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2011,28(4):19-22.ZHANG X,FU S J,PENG J L,et al.The effect of acute hypoxia on blood parameters of juvenile crucian carp[J].Journal of Chongqing Normal University(Natural Science),2011,28(4):19-22.
[21]杨亚,吴朝伟,付世建,等.鲫幼鱼易钓性与标准代谢及形态特征的关联[J].重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2017,34(2):26-31.YANG Y,WU C W,FU S J,et al.Correlation between angling vulnerability and standard metabolic rate,and morphology in juvenile crucian carp(Carassius auratus)[J].Journal of Chongqing Normal University(Natural Science),2017,34(2):26-31.
[22]KILLEN S S,FU C,WU Q,et al.The relationship between metabolic rate and sociability is altered by food deprivation[J].Functional Ecology,2016,30(8):1358-1365.
[23]ZENG L Q,FU C,FU S J.The effects of temperature and food availability on growth,flexibility in metabolic rates and their relationships in juvenile common carp[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A,2018,217:26-34.
[24]BURTON T,KILLEN S S,ARMSTRONG J D,et al.What causes intraspecific variation in resting metabolic rate and what are its ecological consequences?[J].Proceedings Biological Science,2011,278(1724):3465-3473.
[25]曾令清,付成,奚露,等.鳊幼鱼能量代谢和个性行为的个体变异及表型关联[J].生态学报,2017,37(14):4807-4816.ZENG L Q,FU C,XI L,et al.Phenotypic correlations and individual variation of energy metabolism and personality in juvenile Chinese bream(Parabramis pekinensis)[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(14):4807-4816.
[26]陈永鹏,曹振东,付世建.锦鲫幼鱼的社群等级地位及其与标准代谢率、血糖和临界游泳能力的关系[J].生态学报,2010,30(7):1940-1945.CHEN Y P,CAO Z D,FU S J.Social status of juvenile Carassius auratus and its relationship with standard metabolic rate,critical swimming speed and blood glucose concentration[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(7):1940-1945.
[27]HARCOURT J L,ANG T Z,SWEETMAN G,et al.Social feedback and the emergence of leaders and followers[J].Current Biology,2009,19(3):248.
[28]ACRE J,ESKRIDGE B E,ZOLLER N,et al.Adapting to a changing environment using winner and loser effects[C]//Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation.[S.l.]:ACM,2014:137-144.
[29]HARCOURT J L,SWEETMAN G,MANICA A,et al.Pairs of fish resolve conflicts over coordinated movement by taking turns[J].Current Biology,2010,20(2):156-60.
[30]HARCOURT J L,SWEETMAN G,JOHNSTONE R A,et al.Personality counts:the effect of boldness on shoal choice in three-spined sticklebacks[J].Animal Behaviour,2009,77(6):1501-1505.
[2]WARD A J,AXFORD S,KRAUSE J.Mixed-species shoaling in fish:the sensory mechanisms and costs of shoal choice[J].Behavioral Ecology Sociobiology,2002,52(3):182-187.
[3]KRAUSE J,HOARE D,KRAUSE S,et al.Leadership in fish shoals[J].Fish and Fisheries,2015,1(1):82-89.
[4]FLACK A,PETTIT B,FREEMAN R,et al.What are leaders made of?the role of individual experience in determining leader-follower relations in homing pigeons[J].Animal Behaviour,2012,83(3):703-709.
[5]BARELLI C,BOESCH C,HEISTERMANN M,et al.Female white-handed gibbons(Hylobates lar)lead group movements and have priority of access to food resources[J].Behaviour,2008,145(7):965-981.
[6]NAKAYAMA S,HARCOURT J L,JOHNSTONE R A,et al.Initiative,personality and leadership in pairs of foraging fish[J].PLoS One,2012,7(5):e36606.
[7]FISCHHOFF I R,SUNDARESAN S R,CORDINGLEY J,et al.Social relationships and reproductive state influence leadership roles in movements of plains zebra,Equus burchellii[J].Animal Behaviour,2007,73(5):825-831.
[8]SIH A,BELL A,JOHNSON J.Behavioral syndromes:an ecological and evolutionary overview[J].Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2004,19(7):372-378.
[9]METCALFE N B,HUNTINGFORD F A,GRAHAM W D,et al.Early social status and the development of lifehistory strategies in Atlantic salmon[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society B,1989,236(1282):7-19.
[10]MAMUNEAS D,SPENCE A J,MANICA A,et al.Bolder stickleback fish make faster decisions,but they are not less accurate[J].Behavioral Ecology,2015,26(1):91-96.
[11]JOHNSTONE R A,MANICA A.Evolution of personality differences in leadership[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2011,108(20):8373.
[12]BIRO P A,STAMPS J A.Do consistent individual differences in metabolic rate promote consistent individual differences in behavior?[J].Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2010,25(11):653-659.
[13]METCALFE N B,TAYLOR A C,THORPE J E.Metabolic rate,social status and life-history strategies in Atlantic salmon[J].Animal Behaviour,1995,49(2):431-436.
[14]CUTTS C J,METCALFE N B,TAYLOR A C.Aggression and growth depression in juvenile Atlantic salmon:the consequences of individual variation in standard metabolic rate[J].Journal of Fish Biology,1998,1152(5):1026-1037.
[15]ARMSTRONG J D,MILLIDINE K J,METCALFE N B.Ecological consequences of variation in standard metabolism and dominance among salmon parr[J].Ecology of Freshwater Fish,2011,20(3):371-376.
[16]HOOGENBOOM M O,ARMSTRONG J D,GROOTHUIS T G G,et al.The growth benefits of aggressive behavior vary with individual metabolism and resource predictability[J].Behavioral Ecology,2013,24(1):253-261.
[17]KILLEN S S,MARRAS S,MCKENZIE D J.Fuel,fasting,fear:routine metabolic rate and food deprivation exert synergistic effects on risk-taking in individual juvenile European sea bass[J].Journal of Animal Ecology,2011,80(5):1024-1033.
[18]彭韩柳依,曹振东,付世建.饥饿对鲫鱼幼鱼游泳能力的影响[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(10):2756-2760.PENG-HAN L Y,CAO Z D,FU S J.Effect of starvation on swimming performance of juvenile crucian carp[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2014,33(10):2756-2760.
[19]曾令清,付世建,曹振东.鲫(Carassius auratus)幼鱼标准代谢个体差异与力竭后代谢特征及行为的关联[J].生态学报,2016,36(6):1746-1755.ZENG L Q,FU S J,CAO Z D.Correlations between standard metabolic rate and metabolic characteristics after exhaustive exercise,and behavior in the juvenile crucian carp(Carassius auratus)[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(6):1746-1755.
[20]张曦,付世建,彭姜岚,等.急性低氧对鲫鱼幼鱼血液基础指标的影响[J].重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2011,28(4):19-22.ZHANG X,FU S J,PENG J L,et al.The effect of acute hypoxia on blood parameters of juvenile crucian carp[J].Journal of Chongqing Normal University(Natural Science),2011,28(4):19-22.
[21]杨亚,吴朝伟,付世建,等.鲫幼鱼易钓性与标准代谢及形态特征的关联[J].重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2017,34(2):26-31.YANG Y,WU C W,FU S J,et al.Correlation between angling vulnerability and standard metabolic rate,and morphology in juvenile crucian carp(Carassius auratus)[J].Journal of Chongqing Normal University(Natural Science),2017,34(2):26-31.
[22]KILLEN S S,FU C,WU Q,et al.The relationship between metabolic rate and sociability is altered by food deprivation[J].Functional Ecology,2016,30(8):1358-1365.
[23]ZENG L Q,FU C,FU S J.The effects of temperature and food availability on growth,flexibility in metabolic rates and their relationships in juvenile common carp[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A,2018,217:26-34.
[24]BURTON T,KILLEN S S,ARMSTRONG J D,et al.What causes intraspecific variation in resting metabolic rate and what are its ecological consequences?[J].Proceedings Biological Science,2011,278(1724):3465-3473.
[25]曾令清,付成,奚露,等.鳊幼鱼能量代谢和个性行为的个体变异及表型关联[J].生态学报,2017,37(14):4807-4816.ZENG L Q,FU C,XI L,et al.Phenotypic correlations and individual variation of energy metabolism and personality in juvenile Chinese bream(Parabramis pekinensis)[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(14):4807-4816.
[26]陈永鹏,曹振东,付世建.锦鲫幼鱼的社群等级地位及其与标准代谢率、血糖和临界游泳能力的关系[J].生态学报,2010,30(7):1940-1945.CHEN Y P,CAO Z D,FU S J.Social status of juvenile Carassius auratus and its relationship with standard metabolic rate,critical swimming speed and blood glucose concentration[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(7):1940-1945.
[27]HARCOURT J L,ANG T Z,SWEETMAN G,et al.Social feedback and the emergence of leaders and followers[J].Current Biology,2009,19(3):248.
[28]ACRE J,ESKRIDGE B E,ZOLLER N,et al.Adapting to a changing environment using winner and loser effects[C]//Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation.[S.l.]:ACM,2014:137-144.
[29]HARCOURT J L,SWEETMAN G,MANICA A,et al.Pairs of fish resolve conflicts over coordinated movement by taking turns[J].Current Biology,2010,20(2):156-60.
[30]HARCOURT J L,SWEETMAN G,JOHNSTONE R A,et al.Personality counts:the effect of boldness on shoal choice in three-spined sticklebacks[J].Animal Behaviour,2009,77(6):1501-1505.