黄龙钙华纹层石特征与成因分析
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摘要
为了探究黄龙钙华纹层石剖面褐-白相间混积纹层的特征与成因,对黄龙钙华样品进行了采集和分析。通过微波消解法分析不同颜色纹层钙华样品有机碳含量,并用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、元素分析仪等对样品的晶相、形貌、元素和Mg/Ca比等进行了分析。结果表明,黄龙钙华褐-白纹层有机碳含量、Mg/Ca比存在明显差异,褐色纹层有机碳含量、Mg/Ca分别高于相邻的白色纹层,有机碳的含量随着沉积顺序(由老到新)逐渐变大。钙华剖面年层中的褐-白相间纹层不仅受到微生物、植物等生物的影响,还受不同温度、水动力等气候因素的调控,即黄龙钙华剖面年层中出现褐-白相间纹层为生物-气候双成因。其结果可为寻找黄龙钙华沉积过程中生物参与证据提供一定的理论基础。
In order to investigate the characteristics and origin of the brown-white intermixed laminated layers in lamina travertine at Huanglong in Sichuan Province, we have collected and analysed samples of lamina travertine in the Huanglong area in this study. The organic carbon contents of travertine samples from different coloured layers have been analysed using a microwave digestion method. The crystal phase, morphology, and contents of elements of samples have been analysed using X-ray Diffraction(XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM) and Elemental Analysers, and the Mg/Ca ratios of samples have been calculated. The results show that there are obvious differences in the organic carbon contents and Mg/Ca ratios between the brown and white layers of the lamina travertine at Huanglong, as the organic carbon contents and Mg/Ca ratios of brown layers are higher than those of the respectively adjacent white layers. The organic carbon contents of travertine layers are gradually increased with the variation of their deposition sequences from old to young. The brown and white lamina layers in the annual travertine profile are affected not only by microorganisms and plants, but also by different climatic factors, such as temperature and hydrodynamics. This means that the brown and white intermixed layer in the annual travertine profile at Huanglong could a combined biological-climatic genesis. This can provide a certain theoretical basis for finding evidence of biological participation in the deposition process of the Huanglong travertine.
In order to investigate the characteristics and origin of the brown-white intermixed laminated layers in lamina travertine at Huanglong in Sichuan Province, we have collected and analysed samples of lamina travertine in the Huanglong area in this study. The organic carbon contents of travertine samples from different coloured layers have been analysed using a microwave digestion method. The crystal phase, morphology, and contents of elements of samples have been analysed using X-ray Diffraction(XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM) and Elemental Analysers, and the Mg/Ca ratios of samples have been calculated. The results show that there are obvious differences in the organic carbon contents and Mg/Ca ratios between the brown and white layers of the lamina travertine at Huanglong, as the organic carbon contents and Mg/Ca ratios of brown layers are higher than those of the respectively adjacent white layers. The organic carbon contents of travertine layers are gradually increased with the variation of their deposition sequences from old to young. The brown and white lamina layers in the annual travertine profile are affected not only by microorganisms and plants, but also by different climatic factors, such as temperature and hydrodynamics. This means that the brown and white intermixed layer in the annual travertine profile at Huanglong could a combined biological-climatic genesis. This can provide a certain theoretical basis for finding evidence of biological participation in the deposition process of the Huanglong travertine.
引文
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[19]李刚,董发勤,代群威,等.黄龙钙华有机碳测定方法的对比研究[J].岩石矿物学杂志,2018,37(1):152-160.
[20]Kun L I,Yan X U.Rapid Determination of Chromium in soil by Microwave Digestion and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry[J].Henan Journal of Preventive Medicine,2018.
[21]周长艳,李跃清,彭俊.九寨沟、黄龙风景区的降水特征及其变化[J].资源科学,2006,28(1):113-119.
[22]郭云,支崇远,赵宇中,等.硅藻对地表石灰华沉积的生物作用及其意义[J].上海地质,2007,28(1):21-24.
[23]吴庆余.藻类生物与自然界CO2循环的生物地球化学[J].大自然探索,1987,(3):43-47+187.
[24]刘香玲.水生植物对钙华沉积的影响[D].桂林:广西师范大学,2008.
[25]S.Sanchez-Moral,M.C.Portillo,I.Janices,et al.The role of microorganisms in the formation of calcitic moonmilk deposits and speleothems in Altamira Cave[J].Geomorphology,2012:285-292.
[26]Li Z W,Nie X D,He,J J et al.Zonal characteristics of sediment-bound organic carbon loss during water erosion:A case study of four typical loess soils in Shaanxi Province[J].Catena,2017,156:393-400.
[27]任瑞雪,张风宝,杨明义,等.坡面侵蚀过程中泥沙有机碳流失特征分析[J].水土保持学报,2017(6):18-22
[28]Liu L,Li Z W,Chang X F,et al.Relationships of the hydraulic flow characteristics with the transport of soil organic carbon and sediment loss in the Loess Plateau[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2018,175:291-301.
[29]Hua K,Zhu B,Wang X.Dissolved organic carbon loss fluxes through runoff and sediment on sloping upland of purple soil in the Sichuan Basin[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2014,98(2):125-135.
[30]Peter S,Isidorova A,Sobek S.Enhanced carbon loss from anoxic lake sediment through diffusion of dissolved organic carbon[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences,2016,121(7):1959-1977.
[31]Chamizo S,Rodríguez-Caballero E,Román J R,et al.Effects of biocrust on soil erosion and organic carbon losses under natural rainfall[J].Catena,2017,148:117-125.
[32]Mou X,Liu X,Sun Z,et al.Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbance on Sediment Organic Carbon Mineralization Under Different Water Conditions in Coastal Wetland of a Subtropical Estuary[J].Chinese Geographical Science,2018(1):1-11.
[33]孟勇,艾文胜,漆良华,等.土壤有机碳损失及影响因子研究进展[J].湖南林业科技,2010,37(4):29-35.
[34]吴建国,张小全,徐德应.六盘山林区几种土地利用方式对土壤有机碳矿化影响的比较[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(4):530-538.
[35]关秀宇.贵州黄果树地区钙华及其环境意义研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2010.
[36]Garnett E R,Andrews J E,Preece R C,et al.Climatic change recorded by stable isotopes and trace elements in a British Holocene tufa[J].Journal of Quaternary Science,2004,19(3):251-262.
[37]Roberts M S,Smart P L,Baker A.Annual trace element variations in a Holocene speleothem[J].Earth&Planetary Science Letters,1998,154(1-4):237-246.
[38]Huang Y M,Fairchild I J,Borsato A,et al.Seasonal variations in Sr,Mg and P in modern speleothems(Grotta di Ernesto,Italy)[J].Chemical Geology,2001,175(3-4):429-448.
[39]Gascoyne M.Trace-element partition coefficients in the calcite-water system and their paleoclimatic significance in cave studies[J].Journal of Hydrology,1983,61(1-3):213-222.
[40]李清,王建力,李红春,等.重庆地区石笋记录中Mg/Ca比值及古气候意义[J].中国岩溶,2008,27(2):145-150.
[2]姜泽凡,刘艳梅,胥良.黄龙钙华景观形成及演化趋势研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2008,35(1):107-111.
[3]田友萍,何复胜.石灰华的生物成因研究--以四川九寨沟和贵州黄果树等地石灰华为例[J].中国岩溶,1998,(1):49-56.
[4]曹俊,郭建强,杨更.松潘黄龙钙华演化趋势研究[J].四川地质学报,2009,29(s2):222-228.
[5]刘再华,田友萍,安德军,等.世界自然遗产--四川黄龙钙华景观的形成与演化[J].地球学报,2009,30(6):841-847.
[6]李华举.钙华年层的形成及气候环境因素控制研究[D].桂林:广西师范大学,2006.
[7]Liu X,Yu Z,Dong H,et al.A less or more dusty future in the Northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau?[J].Sci Rep,2014,4(4):6672.
[8]Chu G,Sun Q,Yang K,et al.Evidence for decreasing South Asian summer monsoon in the past 160 years from varved sediment in Lake Xinluhai,Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2011,116(D2):347-360.
[9]董发勤,李琼芳,代群威,等.黄龙风景区和黄石公园钙华形成环境对比研究[A].中国矿物岩石地球化学学会第14届学术年会论文摘要专辑[C].南京:《高校地质学报》编辑部,2013.
[10]刘明学,董发勤,孙仕勇,等.黄龙钙华水体藻多样性及分布规律研究[J].环境科学与技术,2013,36(1):182-186+191.
[11]Zhang F,Xue B,Yao S.Organic carbon burial and its driving mechanism in the sediment of Lake Hulun,northeastern Inner Mongolia,since the mid-Holocene[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2018.
[12]Shao H,Yang S,Cai F,et al.Sources and burial of organic carbon in the middle Okinawa Trough during late Quaternary paleoenvironmental change[J].Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research,2016,118:46-56.
[13]姜泽凡,胥良,张文彬.黄龙钙华水来源研究[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2007,18(3):72-75.
[14]Zhang J,Wang H,Liu Z,et al.Spatial-temporal variations of travertine deposition rates and their controlling factors in Huanglong Ravine,China-Aworld’s heritage site[J].Applied Geochemistry,2012,27(1):211-222.
[15]李永新.藻类在黄龙钙华景观中的作用[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(9):5433-5435.
[16]Wang J,Zhu L,Wang Y,et al.A comparison of different methods for determining the organic and inorganic carbon content of lake sediment from two lakes on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Quaternary International,2012,250(2):49-54.
[17]Faurescu I,Varlam C,Stefanescu I,et al.Direct absorption method and liquid scintillation counting for radiocarbon measurements in organic carbon from sediments.[J].Radiocarbon,2010,52(2):794-799.
[18]Chen J,Chakravarty P,Davidson G R,et al.Simultaneous determination of mercury and organic carbon in sediment and soils using a direct mercury analyzer based on thermal decomposition-atomic absorption spectrophotometry.[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2015,871:9-17.
[19]李刚,董发勤,代群威,等.黄龙钙华有机碳测定方法的对比研究[J].岩石矿物学杂志,2018,37(1):152-160.
[20]Kun L I,Yan X U.Rapid Determination of Chromium in soil by Microwave Digestion and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry[J].Henan Journal of Preventive Medicine,2018.
[21]周长艳,李跃清,彭俊.九寨沟、黄龙风景区的降水特征及其变化[J].资源科学,2006,28(1):113-119.
[22]郭云,支崇远,赵宇中,等.硅藻对地表石灰华沉积的生物作用及其意义[J].上海地质,2007,28(1):21-24.
[23]吴庆余.藻类生物与自然界CO2循环的生物地球化学[J].大自然探索,1987,(3):43-47+187.
[24]刘香玲.水生植物对钙华沉积的影响[D].桂林:广西师范大学,2008.
[25]S.Sanchez-Moral,M.C.Portillo,I.Janices,et al.The role of microorganisms in the formation of calcitic moonmilk deposits and speleothems in Altamira Cave[J].Geomorphology,2012:285-292.
[26]Li Z W,Nie X D,He,J J et al.Zonal characteristics of sediment-bound organic carbon loss during water erosion:A case study of four typical loess soils in Shaanxi Province[J].Catena,2017,156:393-400.
[27]任瑞雪,张风宝,杨明义,等.坡面侵蚀过程中泥沙有机碳流失特征分析[J].水土保持学报,2017(6):18-22
[28]Liu L,Li Z W,Chang X F,et al.Relationships of the hydraulic flow characteristics with the transport of soil organic carbon and sediment loss in the Loess Plateau[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2018,175:291-301.
[29]Hua K,Zhu B,Wang X.Dissolved organic carbon loss fluxes through runoff and sediment on sloping upland of purple soil in the Sichuan Basin[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2014,98(2):125-135.
[30]Peter S,Isidorova A,Sobek S.Enhanced carbon loss from anoxic lake sediment through diffusion of dissolved organic carbon[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences,2016,121(7):1959-1977.
[31]Chamizo S,Rodríguez-Caballero E,Román J R,et al.Effects of biocrust on soil erosion and organic carbon losses under natural rainfall[J].Catena,2017,148:117-125.
[32]Mou X,Liu X,Sun Z,et al.Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbance on Sediment Organic Carbon Mineralization Under Different Water Conditions in Coastal Wetland of a Subtropical Estuary[J].Chinese Geographical Science,2018(1):1-11.
[33]孟勇,艾文胜,漆良华,等.土壤有机碳损失及影响因子研究进展[J].湖南林业科技,2010,37(4):29-35.
[34]吴建国,张小全,徐德应.六盘山林区几种土地利用方式对土壤有机碳矿化影响的比较[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(4):530-538.
[35]关秀宇.贵州黄果树地区钙华及其环境意义研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2010.
[36]Garnett E R,Andrews J E,Preece R C,et al.Climatic change recorded by stable isotopes and trace elements in a British Holocene tufa[J].Journal of Quaternary Science,2004,19(3):251-262.
[37]Roberts M S,Smart P L,Baker A.Annual trace element variations in a Holocene speleothem[J].Earth&Planetary Science Letters,1998,154(1-4):237-246.
[38]Huang Y M,Fairchild I J,Borsato A,et al.Seasonal variations in Sr,Mg and P in modern speleothems(Grotta di Ernesto,Italy)[J].Chemical Geology,2001,175(3-4):429-448.
[39]Gascoyne M.Trace-element partition coefficients in the calcite-water system and their paleoclimatic significance in cave studies[J].Journal of Hydrology,1983,61(1-3):213-222.
[40]李清,王建力,李红春,等.重庆地区石笋记录中Mg/Ca比值及古气候意义[J].中国岩溶,2008,27(2):145-150.