我国红层岩溶与红层岩溶塌陷刍议
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摘要
中国岩溶地区面积广阔,岩溶地貌和现象类型多样。其中我国南方地区红层中出现的岩溶现象较为特殊:可溶岩类型复杂,成岩作用差,溶蚀机理多样,还易风化崩解。近年来红层岩溶塌陷多有发生,成为一个不可回避的问题。文章对我国红层岩溶与红层岩溶塌陷研究现状进行了系统梳理。红层岩溶主要存在于以可溶物质胶结的或含碳酸盐岩砾石的红色沉积岩为主的地区。红层岩溶的特点可以概括为:(1)可溶岩类型复杂,溶蚀机理多样;(2)成岩作用差,力学强度低,易风化崩解;(3)与地质构造密切相关。红层岩溶地区不但会出现覆盖型岩溶区的土层塌陷,而且由于其特殊的岩溶作用还可能出现基岩塌陷。根据红层岩溶地区地质结构,其塌陷模式可概化为红层上覆松散层塌陷、红层溶洞顶板垮塌以及红层整体垮塌三类。今后有必要从红层溶蚀特点和红层岩溶塌陷模式出发,开展红层溶蚀对岩溶塌陷作用机理的专项研究,为红层地区岩溶塌陷地质灾害的风险评估和防治处理提供科学依据和技术支撑。
The karst area in China is spacious and the karst types are diverse.The karst phenomena in the red beds area of south China are special.In the region,the occurrence of karst collapse has become a problem that cannot be avoided in recent years.So it is necessary to make a systematic analysis of the present situation of the research on the red-bed karst and associated karst collapses,particularly occur in red-bed area in the country.Red-bed karst mainly occurs in South China where the red clastic rocks are cemented with soluble substances or contain carbonate gravels.The characteristics of the karst red beds can be summarized as follows:1)karst types are complex and their dissolution mechanisms are diverse;2)the red rock is not fully cemented,with low mechanical strength and being easy to be weathered and collapse;3)it is closely related to the geological structure.In karst red-bed area,not only soil collapse but also the bedrock collapse may occur.According to the geological structure,the red beds collapse mode can be generalized into three categories:the overburden layer collapse,the red beds cave roof collapse,and the collapse of the whole red beds.At present,the research on the karst collapse of the red beds is relatively limited.It is necessary to study the mechanism of the soluble red beds on the karst collapse in the future.Further,control measure of the red beds corrosion on the karst collapse development and distribution and impact of the soluble red beds on the karst collapse development and evolution need to be investigated,which will provide scientific basis and technical support for risk assessment and prevention treatment of the karst collapse geological hazard in red beds areas.
The karst area in China is spacious and the karst types are diverse.The karst phenomena in the red beds area of south China are special.In the region,the occurrence of karst collapse has become a problem that cannot be avoided in recent years.So it is necessary to make a systematic analysis of the present situation of the research on the red-bed karst and associated karst collapses,particularly occur in red-bed area in the country.Red-bed karst mainly occurs in South China where the red clastic rocks are cemented with soluble substances or contain carbonate gravels.The characteristics of the karst red beds can be summarized as follows:1)karst types are complex and their dissolution mechanisms are diverse;2)the red rock is not fully cemented,with low mechanical strength and being easy to be weathered and collapse;3)it is closely related to the geological structure.In karst red-bed area,not only soil collapse but also the bedrock collapse may occur.According to the geological structure,the red beds collapse mode can be generalized into three categories:the overburden layer collapse,the red beds cave roof collapse,and the collapse of the whole red beds.At present,the research on the karst collapse of the red beds is relatively limited.It is necessary to study the mechanism of the soluble red beds on the karst collapse in the future.Further,control measure of the red beds corrosion on the karst collapse development and distribution and impact of the soluble red beds on the karst collapse development and evolution need to be investigated,which will provide scientific basis and technical support for risk assessment and prevention treatment of the karst collapse geological hazard in red beds areas.
引文
[1]Walker T R,Larson E E,Hoblitt R P.Nature and origin of hematite in the Moenkopi Formation(Triassic),Colorado Plateau:A contribution to the origin of magnetism in red beds[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,1981,86(B1):317-333.
[2]Turner P,Archer R.The role of biotite in the diagenesis of red beds from the Devonian of northern Scotland[J].Sedimentary Geology,1977,19:241-251.
[3]Kent D V,Opdyke N D.Paleomagnetism of the Devonian Catskill red beds:evidence for motion of the coastal New EnglandCanadian Maritime region relative to cratonic north America[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1978,83(B9):4441-4450.
[4]Yamashita I,Surinkum A,Wada Y,et al.Paleomagnetism of the Middle"Late Jurassic to Cretaceous red beds from the Peninsular Thailand:Implications for collision tectonics[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2011,40(3):784-796.
[5]Miki T.Sedimentologic and palaeoclimatic classification of Cretaceous red beds in East Asia:A general view[J].Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences,1992,7(2/3):179-184.
[6]Soler-Gijón R,López-MartíNez N.Sharks and rays(chondrichthyes)from the Upper Cretaceous red beds of the south-central Pyrenees(Lleida,Spain):indices of an India-Eurasia connection[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,1998,141(1/2):1-12.
[7]李廷勇,王建力.中国的红层及发育的地貌类型[J].四川师范大学学报(自然科学版),2002,25(4):427-431.
[8]黄学诗.华南中、新生代红层研究的新进展:推荐《广东南雄“华南白垩纪—早第三纪红层现场会议”论文选集》[J].古脊椎动物与古人类,1979,(4):344.
[9]曾昭璇,黄少敏.中国自然地理·地貌[M].北京:科学出版社,1980:139-150.
[10]彭华,吴志才.关于红层特点及分布规律的初步探讨[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2003,(5):109-113.
[11]李柒林,代文军,柳生祥,等.甘肃省夏河地区二叠系毛毛隆组砾屑灰岩成因讨论[J].沉积与特提斯地质,2002,(3):85-89.
[12]周绪纶.芦山县砾岩岩溶形态及景观资源评价[J].四川地质学报,2002,(3):178-181.
[13]张强.金沙江观音岩电站红层钙质砂岩类岩溶发育特征及渗透稳定性研究[D].成都理工大学,2010.
[14]王兰生,杨淑碧,胡敏惠.安县古冲积扇岩相特征及岩溶发育某些规律的初步探讨[J].成都地质学院学报,1979,(1):29-49.
[15]吴应科,梁永平.长江中上游红层岩溶刍议[J].中国岩溶,1987,(2):22-30.
[16]刘尚仁.广东的红层岩溶及其机制[J].中国岩溶,1994,(4):395-403.
[17]钟共清.湖南红层分布与岩溶形态分类探讨[J].水利技术监督,2002,(5):45-47.
[18]刘功余.桂南红层岩溶及其发育控制因素探讨[J].中国岩溶,2011,(2):145-155.
[19]刘尚仁,黄瑞红.广东红层岩溶地貌与丹霞地貌[J].中国岩溶,1991,(3):16-22.
[20]沈妍昱.六盘山东麓地区三桥组砾岩的似岩溶特征及找水方向分析[J].资源环境与工程,2013,(1):56-59.
[21]徐锋,江兆云,别传言.三峡右岸换流站泥质砂岩洞穴成因分析[J].土工基础,2006,(6):44-46.
[22]王锦国,周志芳,陈松峰.观音岩水电站坝址区右岸岩体溶蚀发育机理研究[J].工程地质学报,2011,(3):409-416.
[23]漆继红,许模,钱玲,等.观音岩地区钙质砂(砾)岩溶蚀试验模拟研究[J].水土保持研究,2007,(3):64-66.
[24]魏玉峰,聂德新.第三系红层中石膏溶蚀特性及其对工程的影响[J].水文地质工程地质,2005,(2):62-64.
[25]王子忠,许模.四川盆地含膏盐红层特征及坝基工程地质问题(Ⅰ)[J].水利水电技术,2011,(3):10-12.
[26]程强,寇小兵,黄绍槟,等.中国红层的分布及地质环境特征[J].工程地质学报,2004,(1):34-40.
[27]郭永春,谢强,文江泉.我国红层分布特征及主要工程地质问题[J].水文地质工程地质,2007,(6):67-71.
[28]柳群义.红层路堑边坡稳定性与防治研究[D].中南大学,2010.
[29]缪海波.三峡库区侏罗系红层滑坡变形破坏机理与预测预报研究[D].中国地质大学,2012.
[30]刘小伟.引洮工程红层软岩隧洞工程地质研究[D].兰州大学,2008.
[31]冯启言,曹丁涛.红层的微观结构与工程地质特性研究[J].水文地质工程地质,1994,21(5):15-16
[32]王子忠.四川盆地红层岩体主要水利水电工程地质问题系统研究[D].成都理工大学,2011.
[33]韩宝平,冯启言,曹丁涛.滕县、兖州煤田红层的富水性及其对煤炭开采的影响[J].工程地质学报,1995,(3):55-61.
[34]王宇.红层地下水富集规律[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2010,(2):53-57.
[35]周绪纶.四川盆地红层浅层风化带裂隙水及其合理开发利用[J].四川地质学报,2007,(3):184-191.
[36]项式均,康彦仁,刘志云,等.长江流域的岩溶塌陷[J].中国岩溶,1986,5(4):255-272.
[37]冯启言,韩宝平.鲁西南地区的红层岩溶及其水文地质意义[J].中国矿业大学学报,1998,(1):53-57.
[38]Meng Y,Lei M T,Lin Y S,et al.Models and mechanisms of drilling-induced sinkhole in China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2012,67(7):1961-1969.
[39]郑小战.广花盆地岩溶塌陷灾害形成机理与风险评估研究[D].中南大学,2010.
[2]Turner P,Archer R.The role of biotite in the diagenesis of red beds from the Devonian of northern Scotland[J].Sedimentary Geology,1977,19:241-251.
[3]Kent D V,Opdyke N D.Paleomagnetism of the Devonian Catskill red beds:evidence for motion of the coastal New EnglandCanadian Maritime region relative to cratonic north America[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1978,83(B9):4441-4450.
[4]Yamashita I,Surinkum A,Wada Y,et al.Paleomagnetism of the Middle"Late Jurassic to Cretaceous red beds from the Peninsular Thailand:Implications for collision tectonics[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2011,40(3):784-796.
[5]Miki T.Sedimentologic and palaeoclimatic classification of Cretaceous red beds in East Asia:A general view[J].Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences,1992,7(2/3):179-184.
[6]Soler-Gijón R,López-MartíNez N.Sharks and rays(chondrichthyes)from the Upper Cretaceous red beds of the south-central Pyrenees(Lleida,Spain):indices of an India-Eurasia connection[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,1998,141(1/2):1-12.
[7]李廷勇,王建力.中国的红层及发育的地貌类型[J].四川师范大学学报(自然科学版),2002,25(4):427-431.
[8]黄学诗.华南中、新生代红层研究的新进展:推荐《广东南雄“华南白垩纪—早第三纪红层现场会议”论文选集》[J].古脊椎动物与古人类,1979,(4):344.
[9]曾昭璇,黄少敏.中国自然地理·地貌[M].北京:科学出版社,1980:139-150.
[10]彭华,吴志才.关于红层特点及分布规律的初步探讨[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2003,(5):109-113.
[11]李柒林,代文军,柳生祥,等.甘肃省夏河地区二叠系毛毛隆组砾屑灰岩成因讨论[J].沉积与特提斯地质,2002,(3):85-89.
[12]周绪纶.芦山县砾岩岩溶形态及景观资源评价[J].四川地质学报,2002,(3):178-181.
[13]张强.金沙江观音岩电站红层钙质砂岩类岩溶发育特征及渗透稳定性研究[D].成都理工大学,2010.
[14]王兰生,杨淑碧,胡敏惠.安县古冲积扇岩相特征及岩溶发育某些规律的初步探讨[J].成都地质学院学报,1979,(1):29-49.
[15]吴应科,梁永平.长江中上游红层岩溶刍议[J].中国岩溶,1987,(2):22-30.
[16]刘尚仁.广东的红层岩溶及其机制[J].中国岩溶,1994,(4):395-403.
[17]钟共清.湖南红层分布与岩溶形态分类探讨[J].水利技术监督,2002,(5):45-47.
[18]刘功余.桂南红层岩溶及其发育控制因素探讨[J].中国岩溶,2011,(2):145-155.
[19]刘尚仁,黄瑞红.广东红层岩溶地貌与丹霞地貌[J].中国岩溶,1991,(3):16-22.
[20]沈妍昱.六盘山东麓地区三桥组砾岩的似岩溶特征及找水方向分析[J].资源环境与工程,2013,(1):56-59.
[21]徐锋,江兆云,别传言.三峡右岸换流站泥质砂岩洞穴成因分析[J].土工基础,2006,(6):44-46.
[22]王锦国,周志芳,陈松峰.观音岩水电站坝址区右岸岩体溶蚀发育机理研究[J].工程地质学报,2011,(3):409-416.
[23]漆继红,许模,钱玲,等.观音岩地区钙质砂(砾)岩溶蚀试验模拟研究[J].水土保持研究,2007,(3):64-66.
[24]魏玉峰,聂德新.第三系红层中石膏溶蚀特性及其对工程的影响[J].水文地质工程地质,2005,(2):62-64.
[25]王子忠,许模.四川盆地含膏盐红层特征及坝基工程地质问题(Ⅰ)[J].水利水电技术,2011,(3):10-12.
[26]程强,寇小兵,黄绍槟,等.中国红层的分布及地质环境特征[J].工程地质学报,2004,(1):34-40.
[27]郭永春,谢强,文江泉.我国红层分布特征及主要工程地质问题[J].水文地质工程地质,2007,(6):67-71.
[28]柳群义.红层路堑边坡稳定性与防治研究[D].中南大学,2010.
[29]缪海波.三峡库区侏罗系红层滑坡变形破坏机理与预测预报研究[D].中国地质大学,2012.
[30]刘小伟.引洮工程红层软岩隧洞工程地质研究[D].兰州大学,2008.
[31]冯启言,曹丁涛.红层的微观结构与工程地质特性研究[J].水文地质工程地质,1994,21(5):15-16
[32]王子忠.四川盆地红层岩体主要水利水电工程地质问题系统研究[D].成都理工大学,2011.
[33]韩宝平,冯启言,曹丁涛.滕县、兖州煤田红层的富水性及其对煤炭开采的影响[J].工程地质学报,1995,(3):55-61.
[34]王宇.红层地下水富集规律[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2010,(2):53-57.
[35]周绪纶.四川盆地红层浅层风化带裂隙水及其合理开发利用[J].四川地质学报,2007,(3):184-191.
[36]项式均,康彦仁,刘志云,等.长江流域的岩溶塌陷[J].中国岩溶,1986,5(4):255-272.
[37]冯启言,韩宝平.鲁西南地区的红层岩溶及其水文地质意义[J].中国矿业大学学报,1998,(1):53-57.
[38]Meng Y,Lei M T,Lin Y S,et al.Models and mechanisms of drilling-induced sinkhole in China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2012,67(7):1961-1969.
[39]郑小战.广花盆地岩溶塌陷灾害形成机理与风险评估研究[D].中南大学,2010.