不同径级白皮松滞留空气中颗粒物的特征
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摘要
城市园林植物是去除大气PM_(2.5)等颗粒物的有效途径之一,但目前的研究主要集中于以单叶为主的微观尺度上,对于绿化树种选择和环境效益评价具有重要意义的单株尺度研究不足。本文以北京市3个不同污染环境中的白皮松为研究对象,通过叶面尘收集、叶微结构电镜观察、叶面积测定等方法,研究了不同胸径下的白皮松在单叶尺度和单株尺度上的滞尘特征。结果表明:白皮松单位叶面积的滞纳PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和TSP的最大数量分别为0.15、0.29和0.97 g·m~(-2);胸径对单位叶面积滞留PM_(2.5)等颗粒物的影响不显著(P>0.05);不同胸径白皮松叶表面的气孔大小较一致,气孔分布密度相近,且沟状突起分布均匀,没有显著差异;胸径对植物单株滞留量影响较大(P<0.05),3个研究点的白皮松滞纳颗粒物水平较高的胸径多集中于12.7~25.5 cm;且单株植物对于PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和TSP的最大滞尘量分别为5.77、12.88和43.08 g。白皮松的胸径对其叶的微结构影响较小,但显著影响冠幅半径、叶面积指数,使得胸径对单叶尺度上单位叶面积滞尘量的影响不显著,而在单株尺度上具有显著影响。
Urban vegetation is an effective way to remove the particulate matter in atmosphere.More attention of the previous studies focuses on micro-scale such as single leaf scale; however,the studies on single tree scale are scarce,which is key to select greening trees and evaluate their environmental benefits. Pinus bungeana trees with different diameters at breast height(DBH) at three differently polluted sites in Beijing were selected as research materials. The captured amounts of particulates were measured at the single leaf and single tree scale through collecting particulates on leaf surface,investigating the leaf surface micro-structure by Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM),and measuring the leaf area of each sample. For P. bungeana,the maximum amounts of PM_(2.5),PM_(10) and TSP capture per unit leaf area were 0.15,0.29 and 0.97 g·m~(-2).The DBH had no significant effects on the amount of captured particulates per unit leaf area(P>0.05). Among the sample trees with different DBH,the stomatal size and density on leaves were consistent,the groove-shaped projection distribution was evenness,and there were no marked differences for distribution groove-like projections. DBH had a marked impact on particulates retention on the tree scale(P < 0. 05),and the DHB with high particulate matter capture centered on 12.7-25.5 cm. The maximum amounts of PM_(2.5),PM_(10) and TSP capture were 5.77,12.88 and 43.08 g per single tree,respectively. The DBH of P. bungeana had little effect on the micro-structure of leaves,but a significant effect on crown radius and leaf area index. Thus,the DHB showed no significant effects on particulate matter retention at single leaf scale,but a significant impact on particulate matter retention on the single tree scale.
Urban vegetation is an effective way to remove the particulate matter in atmosphere.More attention of the previous studies focuses on micro-scale such as single leaf scale; however,the studies on single tree scale are scarce,which is key to select greening trees and evaluate their environmental benefits. Pinus bungeana trees with different diameters at breast height(DBH) at three differently polluted sites in Beijing were selected as research materials. The captured amounts of particulates were measured at the single leaf and single tree scale through collecting particulates on leaf surface,investigating the leaf surface micro-structure by Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM),and measuring the leaf area of each sample. For P. bungeana,the maximum amounts of PM_(2.5),PM_(10) and TSP capture per unit leaf area were 0.15,0.29 and 0.97 g·m~(-2).The DBH had no significant effects on the amount of captured particulates per unit leaf area(P>0.05). Among the sample trees with different DBH,the stomatal size and density on leaves were consistent,the groove-shaped projection distribution was evenness,and there were no marked differences for distribution groove-like projections. DBH had a marked impact on particulates retention on the tree scale(P < 0. 05),and the DHB with high particulate matter capture centered on 12.7-25.5 cm. The maximum amounts of PM_(2.5),PM_(10) and TSP capture were 5.77,12.88 and 43.08 g per single tree,respectively. The DBH of P. bungeana had little effect on the micro-structure of leaves,but a significant effect on crown radius and leaf area index. Thus,the DHB showed no significant effects on particulate matter retention at single leaf scale,but a significant impact on particulate matter retention on the single tree scale.
引文
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孙晓丹,李海梅,周春玲,等.2015.园林植物消减大气颗粒物研究进展.北方园艺,(24):184-188.
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王会霞,石辉,王彦辉.2015a.典型天气下植物叶面滞尘动态变化.生态学报,35(6):1696-1705.
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杨佳,王会霞,谢滨泽,等.2015a.北京9个树种叶片滞尘量及叶面微形态解释.环境科学研究,28(3):384-392.
杨佳,王会霞,谢滨泽,等.2015b.植物叶面滞留颗粒物的数量和质量特征及方法比较.生态与农村环境学报,31(3):440-444.
赵晨曦,王玉杰,王云琦,等.2013.细颗粒物((PM2.5)与植被关系的研究综述.生态学杂志,32(8):2203-2210.
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周凯,叶有华,彭少麟,等.2006.城市大气总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛.生态环境,15(2):381-385.
张维康,王兵,牛香.2015.北京不同污染地区园林植物对空气颗粒物的滞纳能力.环境科学,36(7):2381-2388.
Donaldson K,Stone V,Seaton A,et al.2001.Ambient particle inhalation and the cardiovascular system:Potential mechanisms.Environmental Health Perspectives,109:523-527.
Grantz DA,Garner JHB,Johnson DW.2003.Ecological effects of particulate matter.Environment International,29:213-239.
Huang RJ,Zhang YL,Bozzetti C,et al.2014.High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China.Nature,514:218-222.
Li H,Zeng FG,Shao LY,et al.2002.Current status of study on the human health effects of inhalable particulates.Journal of Environment and Health,19:85-87.
Nguyen T,Yu XX,Zhang ZM,et al.2014.Relationship between types of urban forest and PM2.5capture at three growth stages of leaves.Journal of Environmental Sciences,27:33-41.
Niklas KJ.1992.Plant Biomechanics:An Engineering Approach to Plant Form and Function.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Prusty BAK,Mishra PC,Azeez PA.2005.Dust accumulation and leaf pigment content in vegetation near the national highway at Sambalpur,Orissa,India.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,60:228-235.
范舒欣,晏海,齐石茗月,等.2015.北京市26种落叶阔叶绿化树种的滞尘能力.植物生态学报,39(7):736-745.
李超群,钟梦莹,武瑞鑫,等.2015.常见地被植物叶片特征及滞尘效应研究.生态环境学报,24(12):2050-2055.
李吉跃,周平,招礼军.2002.干旱胁迫对苗木蒸腾耗水的影响.生态学报,22(9):1380-1386.
李新宇,赵松婷,郭佳,等.2016.基于扫描电镜定量评价植物滞留大气颗粒物能力.西北林学院学报,31(1):286-291.
彭重华,薄楠林.2007.白皮松研究进展.中国农学通报,23(11):174-178.
石辉,王会霞,李秧秧,等.2011.女贞和珊瑚树叶片表面特征的AFM观察.生态学报,31(5):1471-1477.
孙晓丹,李海梅,周春玲,等.2015.园林植物消减大气颗粒物研究进展.北方园艺,(24):184-188.
王兵,张维康,牛香,等.2015.北京10个常绿树种颗粒物吸附能力研究.环境科学,36(2):408-414.
王会霞,石辉,李秧秧.2010.城市绿化植物叶片表面特征对滞尘能力的影响.应用生态学报,21(12):3077-3082.
王会霞,石辉,王彦辉.2015a.典型天气下植物叶面滞尘动态变化.生态学报,35(6):1696-1705.
王会霞,王彦辉,杨佳,等.2015b.不同绿化树种滞留PM2.5等颗粒污染物能力的多尺度比较.林业科学,51(7):9-20.
谢滨泽,王会霞,杨佳,等.2014.北京常见阔叶绿化植物滞留PM2.5能力与叶面微结构的关系.西北植物学报,34(12):2432-2438.
杨佳,王会霞,谢滨泽,等.2015a.北京9个树种叶片滞尘量及叶面微形态解释.环境科学研究,28(3):384-392.
杨佳,王会霞,谢滨泽,等.2015b.植物叶面滞留颗粒物的数量和质量特征及方法比较.生态与农村环境学报,31(3):440-444.
赵晨曦,王玉杰,王云琦,等.2013.细颗粒物((PM2.5)与植被关系的研究综述.生态学杂志,32(8):2203-2210.
赵松婷,李新宇,李延明.2014.园林植物滞留不同粒径大气颗粒物的特征及规律.生态环境学报,23(2):271-276.
周凯,叶有华,彭少麟,等.2006.城市大气总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛.生态环境,15(2):381-385.
张维康,王兵,牛香.2015.北京不同污染地区园林植物对空气颗粒物的滞纳能力.环境科学,36(7):2381-2388.
Donaldson K,Stone V,Seaton A,et al.2001.Ambient particle inhalation and the cardiovascular system:Potential mechanisms.Environmental Health Perspectives,109:523-527.
Grantz DA,Garner JHB,Johnson DW.2003.Ecological effects of particulate matter.Environment International,29:213-239.
Huang RJ,Zhang YL,Bozzetti C,et al.2014.High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China.Nature,514:218-222.
Li H,Zeng FG,Shao LY,et al.2002.Current status of study on the human health effects of inhalable particulates.Journal of Environment and Health,19:85-87.
Nguyen T,Yu XX,Zhang ZM,et al.2014.Relationship between types of urban forest and PM2.5capture at three growth stages of leaves.Journal of Environmental Sciences,27:33-41.
Niklas KJ.1992.Plant Biomechanics:An Engineering Approach to Plant Form and Function.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Prusty BAK,Mishra PC,Azeez PA.2005.Dust accumulation and leaf pigment content in vegetation near the national highway at Sambalpur,Orissa,India.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,60:228-235.