增施有机肥对冬小麦同化物积累与分配的影响
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摘要
基于~(13)CO_2脉冲标记法,设置单施化肥(CF)和有机肥+化肥(OF)两个处理,通过分析不同施肥模式对麦田土壤和小麦植株中的有机碳含量、光合特性和同化物转化的影响,探讨增施有机肥对冬小麦同化物积累与分配的影响.结果表明:OF处理有利于提高麦田土壤有机碳含量和小麦光合特性,从而提高了小麦植株有机碳含量和干物质积累总量.同一时期标记至成熟与标记后第7天相比,两个施肥处理下叶和茎鞘中的~(13)C含量与~(13)C分配率均减少;穗部~(13)C含量在拔节期和灌浆期均增加,开花期均减少,~(13)C分配率各时期均增加.两个施肥处理相比,OF处理有利于灌浆期光合碳向穗部转运与积累,提高小麦穗部的~(13)C分配率.相关分析结果表明,干物质积累量与净输入~(13)C含量、净输入~(13)C分配率呈极显著正相关关系,与植株中有机碳含量呈负相关关系;净输入~(13)C含量与净输入~(13)C分配率呈极显著正相关关系,与光系统II的最大光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)和净光合速率(P_n)呈负相关关系.综上,增施有机肥能增加麦田土壤有机碳含量,提高小麦的光合能力和光合产物向穗部的转运,最终有利于小麦穗部的同化物积累.
To understand the effects of organic fertilizer addition on accumulation and distribution of winter wheat assimilates, we compared organic carbon content in soil and wheat plants, photosynthetic characteristics and assimilation transformation under two different fertilizer treatments, CF(chemical fertilizer only) and OF(organic fertilizer with chemical fertilizer), using ~(13)CO_2 pulse labeling method. The results showed that OF increased soil organic carbon content and wheat photosynthetic parameters, resulting in higher organic carbon content and total dry biomass accumulation in wheat plants compared with CF treatment. Compared marking to maturity with that on the 7 th day after the same marking, the content and distribution rate of ~(13)C in leaves and stems of two treatments decreased; the ~(13)C content in spikes increased at jointing stage and filling stage, decreased at anthesis stage, and the ~(13)C distribution rate increased at all stages. OF treatment was more beneficial for the transportation of photosynthetic product from leaves to spikes at filling stage, with higher ~(13)C distribution rate in spikes compared with CF treatment. The results of correlation analysis showed that dry matter accumulation was significantly positively correlated with the net input of ~(13)C content and its distribution rate, but negatively correlated with organic carbon content in plants. The net input of ~(13)C content was significantly positively correlated with its distribution rate, and negatively correlated with F_v/F_m and P_n. In conclusion, organic fertilizer application could increase the content of organic carbon in soil, improve wheat plants photosynthetic capacity and transportation of photosynthetic product to spikes, and ultimately increase dry matter accumulation in wheat spikes.
To understand the effects of organic fertilizer addition on accumulation and distribution of winter wheat assimilates, we compared organic carbon content in soil and wheat plants, photosynthetic characteristics and assimilation transformation under two different fertilizer treatments, CF(chemical fertilizer only) and OF(organic fertilizer with chemical fertilizer), using ~(13)CO_2 pulse labeling method. The results showed that OF increased soil organic carbon content and wheat photosynthetic parameters, resulting in higher organic carbon content and total dry biomass accumulation in wheat plants compared with CF treatment. Compared marking to maturity with that on the 7 th day after the same marking, the content and distribution rate of ~(13)C in leaves and stems of two treatments decreased; the ~(13)C content in spikes increased at jointing stage and filling stage, decreased at anthesis stage, and the ~(13)C distribution rate increased at all stages. OF treatment was more beneficial for the transportation of photosynthetic product from leaves to spikes at filling stage, with higher ~(13)C distribution rate in spikes compared with CF treatment. The results of correlation analysis showed that dry matter accumulation was significantly positively correlated with the net input of ~(13)C content and its distribution rate, but negatively correlated with organic carbon content in plants. The net input of ~(13)C content was significantly positively correlated with its distribution rate, and negatively correlated with F_v/F_m and P_n. In conclusion, organic fertilizer application could increase the content of organic carbon in soil, improve wheat plants photosynthetic capacity and transportation of photosynthetic product to spikes, and ultimately increase dry matter accumulation in wheat spikes.
引文
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[17] Han X-H (韩小虎),Wang L (王雷),Wang Y-X (王钰馨),et al.Effects of partial root-zone alternative irrigation on distribution of 13C-assimilate and photosynthesis capability of peach trees.Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences (核农学报),2016,30(6):1218-1226 (in Chinese)
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[19] Li L (李璐).The Effect of Tillage and Fertilizer Management on the Direct-sowing Rapeseed Yield,Organic Carbon and Soil Respiration.Master Thesis.Chengdu:Sichuan Agricultural University,2014 (in Chinese)
[20] Yuan Y-H (袁颖红),Li H-X (李辉信),Huang Q-R (黄欠如),et al.Effects of long-term fertilization on dynamics of soil organic carbon in red paddy soil.Soils (土壤),2008,40(2):237-242 (in Chinese)
[21] Miao H-T (苗惠田),Zhang W-J (张文菊),Lyu J-L (吕家珑),et al.Effects of long-term fertilization on assimilated carbon content and distribution proportion of maize in fluvio-aquic soil.Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学),2010,43(23):4852-4861 (in Chinese)
[22] Zhang D-J (张黛静),Zhang Y-Y (张艳艳),Wang Y-J (王艳杰),et al.Structure characteristics of soil and canopy and their relationships in wheat field under different tillage and application of organic fertilizer.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2018,29(2):538-546 (in Chinese)
[23] Zhao J (赵隽),Dong S-T (董树亭),Liu P (刘鹏),et al.Effects of long-term mixed application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on canopy apparent photosynthesis and yield of winter wheat.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2015,26(8):2362-2370 (in Chinese)
[24] Li K (李科).Effects of proportional fertilization on leaf area and chlorophyll content in mulched winter wheat.Journal of Longdong University (陇东学院学报),2018,29(3):38-41 (in Chinese)
[25] Li C-M (李春明),Xiong S-P (熊淑萍),Yang Y-Y (杨颖颖),et al.Effects of different fertilizer treatments on canopy architecture and grain yield characteristics of winter wheat-Yumai 49.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2009,29(5):2514-2519 (in Chinese)
[26] Zhang J (张晶),Zhang D-Y (张定一),Wang L (王丽),et al.The mechanism of different combinations of organic and N,P fertilizers increasing yield of dry land wheat.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers (植物营养与肥料学报),2017,23(1):238-243 (in Chinese)
[27] Song G-Y (宋桂云),Yang H-S (杨恒山),Xu S-J (徐寿军),et al.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer management on yield,dry matter and N accumulation of maize cultivar Jinshan 10 used for both grain and feed purpose in Ke erqin.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers (植物营养与肥料学报),2017,23(2):289-296 (in Chinese)
[28] Zheng F-X (郑凤霞),Dong S-T (董树亭),Liu P (刘鹏),et al.Effects of combined application of N fertilizer and manure on water consumption characteristics and dry matter production of winter wheat.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报),2017,31(2):240-247 (in Chinese)
[29] An T-T (安婷婷),Wang J-K (汪景宽),Li S-Y (李双异),et al.Effect of fertilization and plastic film mulching on distribution of photosynthetically fixed carbon in maize:Explored with 13C pulse labeling technique.Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报),2013,50(5):948-955 (in Chinese)
[30] Jin J (金剑),Wang G-H (王光华),Liu X-B (刘晓冰),et al.Allocation and transformation of photosynthetic carbon in belowground part of crops during their growth period.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2008,27(8):1393-1399 (in Chinese)
[31] Kuzyakov Y,Domanski G.Carbon input by plants into the soil.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2000,163:421-431
[2] Fan FL,Zhang FS,Qu Z,et al.Plant carbon partitioning below ground in the presence of different neighboring species.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2008,40:2266-2272
[3] Ge TD,Yuan HC,Zhu HH,et al.Biological carbon assimilation and dynamics in a flooded rice-soil system.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,48:39-46
[4] He M-Y (何敏毅),Meng F-Q (孟凡乔),Shi Y-J (史雅娟),et al.Estimating photosynthesized carbon distribution and inputs into belowground in a maize soil following 13C pulse-labeling.Environmental Science (环境科学),2008,29(2):446-453 (in Chinese)
[5] Wang Q-Y (王群艳),Zhu Z-K (祝贞科),Yuan H-Z (袁红朝),et al.Allocation and input efficiency of assimilated carbon in rice-soil systems at different growth stages.Research of Environmental Sciences (环境科学研究),2016,29(10):1471-1478 (in Chinese)
[6] Wang B-R (王伯仁),Cai Z-J (蔡泽江),Li D-C (李冬初).Effect of different long-term fertilization on the fertility of red upland soil.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报),2010,24(3):85-88 (in Chinese)
[7] Liu L-Q (刘兰清).A Study of Effects of Straw Mul-ching and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Crop Yield.Master Thesis.Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2018 (in Chinese)
[8] Xu N (徐娜),Dang T-H (党廷辉),Liu W-Z (刘文兆).Soil nutrient balance and crop yield after 10-years fertilization in the gully area of the Loess Plateau.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers (植物营养与肥料学报),2016,22(5):1240-1248 (in Chinese)
[9] Song Z-Z (宋震震),Li X-H (李絮花),Li J (李娟),et al.Long-term effects of mineral versus organic fertilizers on soil labile nitrogen fractions and soil enzyme activities in agricultural soil.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers (植物营养与肥料学报),2014,20(3):525-533 (in Chinese)
[10] You M-Y (尤孟阳).The Evolution of the Contents,Carbon Fractions and Chemical Structural of Soil Organic Carbon during the Early Pedogenesis of a Mollisol after Development from Parent Material.PhD Thesis.Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2015 (in Chinese)
[11] Zhang Y-Y (张艳艳).Research of Effects of Topsoil Control and Application of Organic Fertilizer on Topsoil-canopy System of Winter Wheat.Master Thesis.Xin-xiang:Henan Normal University,2017 (in Chinese)
[12] Hou H-Q (侯红乾),Liu X-M (刘秀梅),Liu G-R (刘光荣),et al.Effect of long-term located organic-inorganic fertilizer application on rice yield and soil fertility in red soil area of China.Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学),2011,44(3):516-523 (in Chinese)
[13] Tan L-M (谭立敏),Wu H (吴昊),Li H (李卉),et al.Input and distribution of rice photosynthesized carbon in the tillering stage under different nitrogen application following continuous 13C labeling.Environmental Science (环境科学),2014,35(5):1933-1938 (in Chinese)
[14] Liu P (刘萍),Jiang C-Y (江春玉),Li Z-P (李忠佩).Quantitative research on effects of nitrogen application rate on distribution of photosynthetic carbon in rice-soil system using 13C pulse labeling technique.Acta Pedo-logica Sinica (土壤学报),2015,52(3):567-575 (in Chinese)
[15] Lu YH,Watanabe A,Kimura M.Input and distribution of photosynthesized carbon in a flooded rice soil.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2002,16:321-328
[16] Zhao J (赵隽),Dong S-T (董树亭),Liu P (刘鹏),et al.Effects of long-term mixed application of organic-inorganic fertilizers on distribution of 13C-assimilate and yield in winter wheat.Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences (核农学报),2016,30(9):1805-1814 (in Chinese)
[17] Han X-H (韩小虎),Wang L (王雷),Wang Y-X (王钰馨),et al.Effects of partial root-zone alternative irrigation on distribution of 13C-assimilate and photosynthesis capability of peach trees.Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences (核农学报),2016,30(6):1218-1226 (in Chinese)
[18] Yu P (于鹏),Zhang Y-L (张玉玲),Wang C-X (王春新),et al.Distribution of photosynthetic carbon in rice-soil system relative to rice growth stage.Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报),2017,54(5):1218-1229 (in Chinese)
[19] Li L (李璐).The Effect of Tillage and Fertilizer Management on the Direct-sowing Rapeseed Yield,Organic Carbon and Soil Respiration.Master Thesis.Chengdu:Sichuan Agricultural University,2014 (in Chinese)
[20] Yuan Y-H (袁颖红),Li H-X (李辉信),Huang Q-R (黄欠如),et al.Effects of long-term fertilization on dynamics of soil organic carbon in red paddy soil.Soils (土壤),2008,40(2):237-242 (in Chinese)
[21] Miao H-T (苗惠田),Zhang W-J (张文菊),Lyu J-L (吕家珑),et al.Effects of long-term fertilization on assimilated carbon content and distribution proportion of maize in fluvio-aquic soil.Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学),2010,43(23):4852-4861 (in Chinese)
[22] Zhang D-J (张黛静),Zhang Y-Y (张艳艳),Wang Y-J (王艳杰),et al.Structure characteristics of soil and canopy and their relationships in wheat field under different tillage and application of organic fertilizer.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2018,29(2):538-546 (in Chinese)
[23] Zhao J (赵隽),Dong S-T (董树亭),Liu P (刘鹏),et al.Effects of long-term mixed application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on canopy apparent photosynthesis and yield of winter wheat.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2015,26(8):2362-2370 (in Chinese)
[24] Li K (李科).Effects of proportional fertilization on leaf area and chlorophyll content in mulched winter wheat.Journal of Longdong University (陇东学院学报),2018,29(3):38-41 (in Chinese)
[25] Li C-M (李春明),Xiong S-P (熊淑萍),Yang Y-Y (杨颖颖),et al.Effects of different fertilizer treatments on canopy architecture and grain yield characteristics of winter wheat-Yumai 49.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2009,29(5):2514-2519 (in Chinese)
[26] Zhang J (张晶),Zhang D-Y (张定一),Wang L (王丽),et al.The mechanism of different combinations of organic and N,P fertilizers increasing yield of dry land wheat.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers (植物营养与肥料学报),2017,23(1):238-243 (in Chinese)
[27] Song G-Y (宋桂云),Yang H-S (杨恒山),Xu S-J (徐寿军),et al.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer management on yield,dry matter and N accumulation of maize cultivar Jinshan 10 used for both grain and feed purpose in Ke erqin.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers (植物营养与肥料学报),2017,23(2):289-296 (in Chinese)
[28] Zheng F-X (郑凤霞),Dong S-T (董树亭),Liu P (刘鹏),et al.Effects of combined application of N fertilizer and manure on water consumption characteristics and dry matter production of winter wheat.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报),2017,31(2):240-247 (in Chinese)
[29] An T-T (安婷婷),Wang J-K (汪景宽),Li S-Y (李双异),et al.Effect of fertilization and plastic film mulching on distribution of photosynthetically fixed carbon in maize:Explored with 13C pulse labeling technique.Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报),2013,50(5):948-955 (in Chinese)
[30] Jin J (金剑),Wang G-H (王光华),Liu X-B (刘晓冰),et al.Allocation and transformation of photosynthetic carbon in belowground part of crops during their growth period.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2008,27(8):1393-1399 (in Chinese)
[31] Kuzyakov Y,Domanski G.Carbon input by plants into the soil.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2000,163:421-431