基于SOM的野生秤锤树群落的空间分布和环境解释
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摘要
本文采用自组织特征映射网络(self-organizing map, SOM)对南京老山野生秤锤树(Sinojackia xylocarpa)群落进行数量分类和排序,分析了其与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:(1)SOM将秤锤树野生群落的100个样方划分为5个群丛类型,分类结果在空间上反映了秤锤树野生群落的演替变化趋势,各群丛的群落结构和物种组成存在差异且群丛界限明显,可较好地进行排序与分类的环境解释。(2)通过环境因子梯度的可视化方法,确定了海拔、坡位和土壤厚度是影响该地区秤锤树生长和分布的主要因子,同时也揭示了以不同优势种为代表的各群丛和环境因子的关系。(3)SOM可以摆脱许多定量技术的限制性假设,使得神经网络对于群落生态特征及探索群落和环境相互关系具有良好展现力;SOM群落生态数据具有更高的映射能力,进行群落分类以及较少程度的排序的潜力,将有利于不同群落类型的分类和管理,对于濒危植物保护具有重要意义。
A self-organizing map(SOM) based on field investigations was adopted to analyze the numerical classification and ordination of wild Sinojackia xylocarpa communities in the Nanjing Laoshan Forest Park in hopes of illuminating the relationship between the wild communities and environmental conditions. The results show that the 100 quadrats were divided into five associations, spatially reflecting the successional trend of wild S. xylocarpa communities. The association boundary, community structure and species composition differed significantly among communities. Through visualizing environmental gradients, the altitude, slope position and soil thickness were found to be the main factors affecting the growth and distribution of S. xylocarpa in this area, though the relationships differed among dominant species. The SOM removes the restrictive assumptions of many quantitative techniques so that the neural network is attractive to the community ecological characteristics and the interrelationship between community and environment can be explored. Based on the potential of SOM for vegetation data classification and, to a lesser extent, ordination, the SOM can aid in the conservation of endangered plants across different community types.
A self-organizing map(SOM) based on field investigations was adopted to analyze the numerical classification and ordination of wild Sinojackia xylocarpa communities in the Nanjing Laoshan Forest Park in hopes of illuminating the relationship between the wild communities and environmental conditions. The results show that the 100 quadrats were divided into five associations, spatially reflecting the successional trend of wild S. xylocarpa communities. The association boundary, community structure and species composition differed significantly among communities. Through visualizing environmental gradients, the altitude, slope position and soil thickness were found to be the main factors affecting the growth and distribution of S. xylocarpa in this area, though the relationships differed among dominant species. The SOM removes the restrictive assumptions of many quantitative techniques so that the neural network is attractive to the community ecological characteristics and the interrelationship between community and environment can be explored. Based on the potential of SOM for vegetation data classification and, to a lesser extent, ordination, the SOM can aid in the conservation of endangered plants across different community types.
引文
Chen RB,Zhang GF,Liu J,Li S(2015)Endangerment grade and protection priority of rare plant species in Baohuashan National Forest Park,Jiangsu Province.Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,31,174-179.(in Chinese with English abstract)[陈瑞冰,张光富,刘娟,李硕(2015)江苏宝华山国家森林公园珍稀植物的濒危等级及优先保护.生态与农村环境学报,31,174-179.]
Condit R(1998)Tropical Forest Census Plots:Methods and Results from Barro Colorado Island,Panama and Comparison with Other Plots.Springer,Berlin.
De’Ath G(2002)Multivariate regression trees:A new technique for modeling species-environment relationships.Ecology,83,1105-1117.
Ding H,Fang YM,Yang XH,Yuan FY,He LH,Yao JF(2016)Community characteristics of a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Huangshan,Anhui Province,East China.Biodiversity Science,24,875-887.(in Chinese with English abstract)[丁晖,方炎明,杨新虎,袁发银,何立恒,姚剑飞(2016)黄山亚热带常绿阔叶林的群落特征.生物多样性,24,875-887.]
Hao RM,Huang ZY,Liu XJ,Wang ZL,Xu HQ,Yao ZG(2000)The natural distribution and characteristics of the rare and endangered plants in Jiangsu,China.Chinese Biodiversity,8,153-162.(in Chinese with English abstract)[郝日明,黄致远,刘兴剑,王中磊,徐惠强,姚志刚(2000)中国珍稀濒危保护植物在江苏省的自然分布及其特点.生物多样性,8,153-162.]
Harms KE,Condit R,Hubbell SP,Foste RB(2001)Habitat associations of trees and shrubs in a 50-ha neotropical forest plot.Journal of Ecology,89,947-959.
Kim DK,Jeong KS,Chang KH,La GH,Joo GJ,Kim HW(2012)Patterning zooplankton communities in accordance with annual climatic conditions in a regulated river system(Nakdong River,South Korea).International Review of Hydrobiology,97,55-72.
Lai JS,Mi XC,Ren HB,Ma KP(2010)Numerical classification of associations in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest based on multivariate regression trees-A case study of 24 hm2 Gutianshan forest plot in China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,34,761-769.(in Chinese with English abstract)[赖江山,米湘成,任海保,马克平(2010)基于多元回归树的常绿阔叶林群丛数量分类--以古田山24公顷森林样地为例.植物生态学报,34,761-769.]
Li D,Monahan W B,Baiser B(2018)Species richness and phylogenetic diversity of native and non-native species respond differently to area and environmental factors.Diversity&Distributions,24,853-864.
Li LF,Zhang JT,Zhou L,Shao D(2014)Application of self-organizing feature map to classification and ordination of Picea wilsonii forest in Luya Mountain Nature Reserve.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,50(5),1-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)[李林峰,张金屯,周兰,邵丹(2014)自组织特征映射网络在芦芽山自然保护区青杄林分类和排序中的应用.林业科学,50(5),1-7.]
Lu K,Wang Q,Xue J,Pan WG(2014)3D model retrieval and classification by semi-supervised learning with contentbased similarity.Information Sciences,281,703-713.
Meng XY(2006)Forest Mensuration.China Forestry Publishing House,Beijing.(in Chinese with English abstract)[孟宪宇(2006)测树学.中国林业出版社,北京.]
Olawoyin R,Nieto A,Grayson RL,Hardisty F,Oyewole S(2013)Application of artificial neural network(ANN)-selforganizing map(SOM)for the categorization of water,soil and sediment quality in petrochemical regions.Expert Systems with Applications,40,3634-3648.
Park YS,Kwak IS,Chon TS,Kim JK,Jorgensen SE(2001)Implementation of artificial neural networks in patterning and prediction of exergy in response to temporal dynamics of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in streams.Ecological Modelling,146,143-157.
Sieben EJJ,Kotze DC,Job NM,Muasya AM(2017)The sclerophyllous wetlands on quartzite substrates in South Africa:Floristic description,classification and explanatory environmental factors.South African Journal of Botany,113,54-61.
Valencia R,Foster RB,Villa G,Condit R,Svenning JC(2004)Tree species distributions and local habitat variation in the Amazon:Large forest plot in eastern Ecuador.Journal of Ecology,92,214-229.
Wang ST,Wu H,Liu MT,Zhang JX,Liu JM,Meng HJ,Xu YZ,Qiao XJ,Wei XZ,Lu ZJ,Jiang MX(2018)Community structure and dynamics of a remnant forest dominated by a plant species with extremely small population(Sinojackia huangmeiensis)in central China.Biodiversity Science,26,749-759.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王世彤,吴浩,刘梦婷,张佳鑫,刘检明,孟红杰,徐耀粘,乔秀娟,魏新增,卢志军,江明喜(2018)极小种群野生植物黄梅秤锤树群落结构与动态.生物多样性,26,749-759.]
Xie YH(2007)The application of the classification and re-gression tree based on the package rpart in R-lamguage.Statistics&Information Forum,22(5),67-70.(in Chinese with English abstract)[谢益辉(2007)基于R软件rpart包的分类与回归树应用.统计与信息论坛,22(5),67-70.]
Yang LG,Su HY,Zhang Y,Chu J(2007)A method of date mining based on SOM clustering and its application.Computer Engineering&Science,29(8),133-136.(in Chinese with English abstract)[杨黎刚,苏宏业,张英,褚健(2007)基于SOM聚类的数据挖掘方法及其应用研究.计算机工程与科学,29(8),133-136.]
Zhang CP,He P,Ji CH,Zhang ZY,Hu SJ,Gao S,Li JH(2007)A study on the numerical classification and ordination of medicinal conservation plant Fagopyrum cymosum communities in eastern Chongqing.Journal of Southwest University,29,107-113.
Zhang JT,Meng DP,Xi YX(2008)Ordination of self-organizing feature map neural network and its application in the study of plant communities.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,30(1),1-5.(in Chinese with English abstract)[张金屯,孟东平,席跃翔(2008)自组织影射神经网络排序及其在植物群落分析中的应用.北京林业大学学报,30(1),1-5.]
Zhang QD,Zhang JT,Suri GG,Zhang B,Cheng JJ,Tian SG(2011)Self-organizing feature map classification and ordination of Larix principis-rupprechtii forest in Pangquangou Nature Reserve.Acta Ecologica Sinica,31,2990-2998.(in Chinese with English abstract)[张钦弟,张金屯,苏日古嘎,张斌,程佳佳,田世广(2011)庞泉沟自然保护区华北落叶松林的自组织特征映射网络分类与排序.生态学报,31,2990-2998.]
Condit R(1998)Tropical Forest Census Plots:Methods and Results from Barro Colorado Island,Panama and Comparison with Other Plots.Springer,Berlin.
De’Ath G(2002)Multivariate regression trees:A new technique for modeling species-environment relationships.Ecology,83,1105-1117.
Ding H,Fang YM,Yang XH,Yuan FY,He LH,Yao JF(2016)Community characteristics of a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Huangshan,Anhui Province,East China.Biodiversity Science,24,875-887.(in Chinese with English abstract)[丁晖,方炎明,杨新虎,袁发银,何立恒,姚剑飞(2016)黄山亚热带常绿阔叶林的群落特征.生物多样性,24,875-887.]
Hao RM,Huang ZY,Liu XJ,Wang ZL,Xu HQ,Yao ZG(2000)The natural distribution and characteristics of the rare and endangered plants in Jiangsu,China.Chinese Biodiversity,8,153-162.(in Chinese with English abstract)[郝日明,黄致远,刘兴剑,王中磊,徐惠强,姚志刚(2000)中国珍稀濒危保护植物在江苏省的自然分布及其特点.生物多样性,8,153-162.]
Harms KE,Condit R,Hubbell SP,Foste RB(2001)Habitat associations of trees and shrubs in a 50-ha neotropical forest plot.Journal of Ecology,89,947-959.
Kim DK,Jeong KS,Chang KH,La GH,Joo GJ,Kim HW(2012)Patterning zooplankton communities in accordance with annual climatic conditions in a regulated river system(Nakdong River,South Korea).International Review of Hydrobiology,97,55-72.
Lai JS,Mi XC,Ren HB,Ma KP(2010)Numerical classification of associations in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest based on multivariate regression trees-A case study of 24 hm2 Gutianshan forest plot in China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,34,761-769.(in Chinese with English abstract)[赖江山,米湘成,任海保,马克平(2010)基于多元回归树的常绿阔叶林群丛数量分类--以古田山24公顷森林样地为例.植物生态学报,34,761-769.]
Li D,Monahan W B,Baiser B(2018)Species richness and phylogenetic diversity of native and non-native species respond differently to area and environmental factors.Diversity&Distributions,24,853-864.
Li LF,Zhang JT,Zhou L,Shao D(2014)Application of self-organizing feature map to classification and ordination of Picea wilsonii forest in Luya Mountain Nature Reserve.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,50(5),1-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)[李林峰,张金屯,周兰,邵丹(2014)自组织特征映射网络在芦芽山自然保护区青杄林分类和排序中的应用.林业科学,50(5),1-7.]
Lu K,Wang Q,Xue J,Pan WG(2014)3D model retrieval and classification by semi-supervised learning with contentbased similarity.Information Sciences,281,703-713.
Meng XY(2006)Forest Mensuration.China Forestry Publishing House,Beijing.(in Chinese with English abstract)[孟宪宇(2006)测树学.中国林业出版社,北京.]
Olawoyin R,Nieto A,Grayson RL,Hardisty F,Oyewole S(2013)Application of artificial neural network(ANN)-selforganizing map(SOM)for the categorization of water,soil and sediment quality in petrochemical regions.Expert Systems with Applications,40,3634-3648.
Park YS,Kwak IS,Chon TS,Kim JK,Jorgensen SE(2001)Implementation of artificial neural networks in patterning and prediction of exergy in response to temporal dynamics of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in streams.Ecological Modelling,146,143-157.
Sieben EJJ,Kotze DC,Job NM,Muasya AM(2017)The sclerophyllous wetlands on quartzite substrates in South Africa:Floristic description,classification and explanatory environmental factors.South African Journal of Botany,113,54-61.
Valencia R,Foster RB,Villa G,Condit R,Svenning JC(2004)Tree species distributions and local habitat variation in the Amazon:Large forest plot in eastern Ecuador.Journal of Ecology,92,214-229.
Wang ST,Wu H,Liu MT,Zhang JX,Liu JM,Meng HJ,Xu YZ,Qiao XJ,Wei XZ,Lu ZJ,Jiang MX(2018)Community structure and dynamics of a remnant forest dominated by a plant species with extremely small population(Sinojackia huangmeiensis)in central China.Biodiversity Science,26,749-759.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王世彤,吴浩,刘梦婷,张佳鑫,刘检明,孟红杰,徐耀粘,乔秀娟,魏新增,卢志军,江明喜(2018)极小种群野生植物黄梅秤锤树群落结构与动态.生物多样性,26,749-759.]
Xie YH(2007)The application of the classification and re-gression tree based on the package rpart in R-lamguage.Statistics&Information Forum,22(5),67-70.(in Chinese with English abstract)[谢益辉(2007)基于R软件rpart包的分类与回归树应用.统计与信息论坛,22(5),67-70.]
Yang LG,Su HY,Zhang Y,Chu J(2007)A method of date mining based on SOM clustering and its application.Computer Engineering&Science,29(8),133-136.(in Chinese with English abstract)[杨黎刚,苏宏业,张英,褚健(2007)基于SOM聚类的数据挖掘方法及其应用研究.计算机工程与科学,29(8),133-136.]
Zhang CP,He P,Ji CH,Zhang ZY,Hu SJ,Gao S,Li JH(2007)A study on the numerical classification and ordination of medicinal conservation plant Fagopyrum cymosum communities in eastern Chongqing.Journal of Southwest University,29,107-113.
Zhang JT,Meng DP,Xi YX(2008)Ordination of self-organizing feature map neural network and its application in the study of plant communities.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,30(1),1-5.(in Chinese with English abstract)[张金屯,孟东平,席跃翔(2008)自组织影射神经网络排序及其在植物群落分析中的应用.北京林业大学学报,30(1),1-5.]
Zhang QD,Zhang JT,Suri GG,Zhang B,Cheng JJ,Tian SG(2011)Self-organizing feature map classification and ordination of Larix principis-rupprechtii forest in Pangquangou Nature Reserve.Acta Ecologica Sinica,31,2990-2998.(in Chinese with English abstract)[张钦弟,张金屯,苏日古嘎,张斌,程佳佳,田世广(2011)庞泉沟自然保护区华北落叶松林的自组织特征映射网络分类与排序.生态学报,31,2990-2998.]